ABSTRACT
Inner-circle nonstandard varieties, outer-circle varieties, English in lingua-franca situations and the other phenomena discussed in this book are not merely neutral fields of study. Research interest in a particular area has often meant commitment to a particular view of desirable language policies, especially within education. At least World Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca have been movements as well as fields of study, and there is a good deal of controversy between supporters of contrasting positions. Simplifying, one could think of these controversies in terms of six discourses or ideologies which we are calling standard-language ideology, World Englishes, Real English, Second Language Acquisition, Linguistic Imperialism and English as a Lingua Franca.
