ABSTRACT
Universal authority and balance of power cannot coexist. When different peoples accept the universal authority of one institution, horizontal integration is of a rather unimportant nature. Certainly, independence plays a role but that is only a relative independence from neighbors, since all adhere to one higher, universal authority. This chapter sees that new authorities arose, seeking to establish sovereignty within their own territory. It also sees how that simple model of government—king, council, and field agents—disappeared and was replaced by a more elaborate apparatus. That same new government took new tasks upon itself and all in the name of independent and absolute authority. International relations had been based on God and Nature, and so international law hovered above states. Divine and natural law were still important, but a body of positive, man-made, law had already developed within territories.
