ABSTRACT
The industrial revolution, beginning in Britain in the mid-eighteenth century and making its full impact on Germany only a century later, combined with the French Revolution of 1789 and the Napoleonic era to alter beyond recognition the organizational and theoretical landscapes charted thus far. Britain, France and Germany were out of phase. Major differences, emerging from Britain's immunity to political revolution and the disjointed impact of industrialization, have done much to shape modern Europe. They have reached far beyond, as the USA took ideological cues from Britain, and Russia (largely via Marx) from Germany.
