ABSTRACT
INMARCH1814,asthearmiesoftheEuropeanmonarchiesentered Paris,allhopesforrevolutionseemedtohaveended.Babeuf'ssoncommittedsuicide;andSimonDuplaycommittedtotheflameshis"green book,"whichalonemighthaveprovidedadefinitivehistoryofearly revolutionaryconspiracy.Butnosoonerhadhedestroyedthismassive inventoryofthosewhohad"troubledthetranquilityofFrance"since 1792thanhewasforcedtobeginanother.Workingfortherestored Bourbonsfrom1815untilhisdeathin1827,hecompiledsomefifteen thousanddossiersonreal-lifeorganizationsfarmorefancifulthanNodier'sPhiladelphiansorBuonarroti'sSublimePerfectMasters.Inhis view,theseminalrevolutionaryorganizationwasDidier's;andthekey roleindevelopingarevolutionarymovementthroughoutFrancewas playedbytheMasonicAssociationofMisraim,allegedlytheoriginal EgyptianRitewithgodegreesofmembership.l
Theresurgenceofrevolutionaryactivityduringtherestoration reachedfarbeyondoccultconspiracieswithinFrance.Indeed,thedecade1815-25sawanewgenerationofliberal,constitutionalrevolutionariesforthefirsttimemobilizemassfollowingsbehindnational ratherthanuniversalgoals.Theconspiraciesthatchallengedtheconservative"worldrestored"attheCongressofVienna2representedin effectthefirstpoliticalyouthmovementofmoderntimes.AsanallEuropeanspeciesoftheearlynineteenthcentury,theliberalrevolu-
tionariesanticipatedanimportantextra-Europeanphenomenonofthe earlytwentieth:thesecretconspiracyofyoungofficersandintellectuals seekingexpandedaccesstopoliticalpowerinastagnant,traditional society.
