ABSTRACT
THERISEofrevolutionarymovementsinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywasdirectlyrelatedtothedevelopmentofanewclass ofintellectualsincontinentalEurope.Thisnewclasscreatedoriginal systemsofthoughtwhichmaybecalledideologies,andeventuallydevelopedanewsenseofidentity(andatermtodescribethemselves)as an"intelligentsia."
