ABSTRACT
The political organizations were not rooted out. The movement retired below the surface, but only until the next occasion for popular disturbances. When the price of bread was rising, the starving masses began to move, the demands for parliamentary reform reappeared, and with them secret associations. In 1830, a great economic crisis broke out. The middle class, having become conscious of its importance through its wonderful success in the field of industry, on this occasion joined the masses in the agitation for reform. The Irish Catholics in their turn resorted to organization, and after many attempts, which were continually hampered by the English Government, created a formidable organization for upholding the disregarded and violated rights of their nation and their religion. Thus the three great reforms which have renovated England, religious freedom, parliamentary reform, and economic liberty, were obtained under pressure from extra-constitutional organizations.
