ABSTRACT
During World War II, Yugoslavia's Marshal Tito developed a nearly completely cellular organization for his partisans. He divided Yugoslavia into its natural ethnic districts, and placed a handpicked confidant and trusted leader over each area. In centralized cellular structures, the individual cell leaders answer to a leader at the center as among the later orders, the Templars, Dominicans, Franciscans and Jesuits, as in the Napoleonic army and Tito's partisans. Napoleon Bonaparte's choice of cellular military structures was enhanced by the uniformly high level of training, discipline and esprit among both officers and troops. Napoleonic armies, while radically hierarchical in some fashion, functioned in a cellular manner in others. Napoleon's opponents copied his innovative approach, and this was the standard organizational approach during the American Civil War. Napoleon naturally built on Frederick the Great of Prussia's developments, and initiated some of his own.
