ABSTRACT

The development of policies can be loosely understood in terms of six interconnected stages: issue emergence; agenda setting; alternative selection; enactment; implementation; and evaluation. The athletic endeavours of the labour class featured, as John Gleaves and Matthew Llewellyn have shown, ‘a tacit tolerance of doping’. Anti-doping tests and sanctions received even greater commitment when Lord Michael Killanin replaced Brundage as president of the International Olympic Committee shortly after the closing of the 1972 Olympics in Munich. The Dubin report’s focus on the substantive and procedural inconsistency of anti-doping rules across the spectrum of international sport led policy makers to focus on policy coordination. An investigation in the aftermath of the scandal that very publicly revealed widespread doping in the sport catalysed public and governmental support for a new policy path on the issue. Under a model of shared governmental and non-governmental control and funding, the agency has since then served as the primary driver of international anti-doping policy.