ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the aetiology, neuropathological and neuropsychological correlates, functional outcomes and interventions for four specific conditions attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome (TS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and specific language impairment (SLI) as prototypic examples of neurodevelopmental disorders in general. Neuropsychological profiles may also vary as a function of ADHD subtype. For example, there is evidence that children with ADHD, inattentive subtype represent a distinct group, with more diffuse cognitive deficits including delays in language and spatial skills as well as the usual executive deficits, often in the context of lower IQ and impaired metacognition. In a small number of adults, symptoms actually become more severe, possibly reflecting an interaction between the neurobiological mechanisms that lead to TS, comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms and/or exposure to androgenic steroids and central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, including illicit drugs. Comorbid disorders are generally associated with greater functional impairment in childhood and poorer long-term prognosis.
