ABSTRACT
Electrical interactions between charges govern much of physics, chemistry, and biology. They are the basis for chemical bonding, weak and strong. Salts dissolve in water to form the solutions of charged ions that cover three-quarters of the Earth’s surface. Salt water forms the working fluid of living cells. pH and salts regulate the associations of proteins, DNA, cells, and colloids, and the conformations of biopolymers. Nervous systems would not function without ion fluxes. Electrostatic interactions are also important in batteries, corrosion, and electroplating.
