ABSTRACT
Names now etched in the pantheon of national heroes waged a spirited campaign in the 1880s seeking colonial reforms from Spain. The Filipino expatriate writers and activists included the foremost national hero, Jose Rizal, along with Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Apolinario Mabini. From 1880 to 1895, they wielded their pens and personal contacts in what came to be known as the Propaganda Movement. The movement’s products, notably the two novels of Dr. Rizal, triggered the Philippine Revolution. Schumacher (1973) described the revolution as the first successful challenge by an Asian people against their Western colonial masters.
