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with G and E being interwoven all along the way (see Elman et alI996). The effects of genes depend on environmental triggers or enabling conditions, and the effects of different environments depend on the genetic characteristics of the individuals encountering an environment. When genes and environment act jointly, can emerge empirically in behavior genetics studies the form of either GXE corre-lations or GXE interactions. In estimating environmental effects, much depends on how these joint processes are handled (or not handled). Both kinds of coaction are considered below, but the main point here that neither G E covariances nor
DOI link for with G and E being interwoven all along the way (see Elman et alI996). The effects of genes depend on environmental triggers or enabling conditions, and the effects of different environments depend on the genetic characteristics of the individuals encountering an environment. When genes and environment act jointly, can emerge empirically in behavior genetics studies the form of either GXE corre-lations or GXE interactions. In estimating environmental effects, much depends on how these joint processes are handled (or not handled). Both kinds of coaction are considered below, but the main point here that neither G E covariances nor
with G and E being interwoven all along the way (see Elman et alI996). The effects of genes depend on environmental triggers or enabling conditions, and the effects of different environments depend on the genetic characteristics of the individuals encountering an environment. When genes and environment act jointly, can emerge empirically in behavior genetics studies the form of either GXE corre-lations or GXE interactions. In estimating environmental effects, much depends on how these joint processes are handled (or not handled). Both kinds of coaction are considered below, but the main point here that neither G E covariances nor
ABSTRACT
PARENTING AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN 13