ABSTRACT
One of the important inuences on contemporary conceptions of risk assessment is the risk/ needs/responsivity (RNR) model described by Canadian researchers (Andrews & Bonta, 2006; Andrews, Bonta, & Hoge, 1990; Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith, 2006). is involves the appraisal of three related domains. Risk refers to the probability that the examinee will engage in a certain kind of behavior in the future, typically either violence/violent oending, or criminal oending of any kind, with higher-risk individuals receiving more intensive intervention and management services. is kind of risk classication has typically employed static risk factors, which do not change through planned intervention, although some tools (for example, the Level of Service Inventory [LSI] measures) (see Andrews & Bonta, 2001; Andrews, Bonta & Wormith, 2004) use both static risk factors and risk-relevant needs. Needs are variables describing decits which are related to the probability of such targeted outcomes; they are composed of dynamic risk factors (called criminogenic needs in the RNR model) or protective factors that have the potential to change through such planned intervention. Responsivity refers to the extent to which an individual is likely to respond to intervention(s) designed to reduce the probability of the targeted outcome behavior.
