ABSTRACT
The problem with measuring geomorphic pro - cesses is that, although it establishes current operative processes and their rates, it does not provide a dependable guide to processes that were in action a million years ago, ten thousand years ago, or even a hundred years ago. In trying to work out the long-term evolution of landforms and landscapes, geomorphologists have three options open to them – stratigraphic and environ - mental reconstruction, chronosequence studies, and numerical modelling.
