China, energy security and Central Asian diplomacy: Bilateral and multilateral approaches

Since the late 1990s, China has been increasing its visibility in Central Asia by means of bilateral energy development deals, including pipeline construction contracts. It has also done so multilaterally, through institutions such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). These endeavours constitute a shift towards a more integrated and comprehensive energy policy in the region, and have enabled China to elevate its standing as an energy partner in the region and also react to the growing competition for Central Asian oil and gas supplies and diplomatic influence from the West and from Russia.