ABSTRACT
And yet collective achievement does not always seem to make for personal happiness. )>>>5C4=8CBE4AH<06=8CD34B44<BC>2ADB7>A3F0A5C748=38E83D0;=34438C8B40BHC> <0:40 64=4A0; 8=382C<4=C >5 C74 B>280; CA038C8>= = :=>F;4364 8C <0H 14B083 C74 4=@D8A8=6<8=38B3D;;430=3>E4AF74;<431H4AD38C8>==0AC8<068=0C8>=8B54CC4A431H 02034<84B=8=3DBCAH>A60=8I0C8>=8=E>;E4B0B>D;34BCA>H8=638E8B8>=>5;01>DA0=3C74 28E8;8I43F>A:4A8BC74B;0E4>50<0278=4F74A4C74B0E0648B07D=C4A>ARB74A<0=DB8=6 78B502D;C84B0B0F7>;4=?>;8C82BN7867O34E4;>?<4=C8=E>;E4B01DA40D2A02H34C02743 from the realities of life and ever grinding out Forms and Tables wherein men and women become units and percentages. A religion that begins as the spontaneous utterance of a soul grows into ecclesiasticism and a formulary. A principle of social progress for which
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his limbs. Without here attempting so much as a sketch of the history of the subject, it may be well C>B0H0F>A30BC>C74<0==4A8=F7827C78B>?8=8>=0A>B4N'867CO8B02>=24?C8>=>50A4S42C8E4 9DA8B?AD34=240=3N3DCHO>50A4S42C8E44C782BDCC74A48B0B4=B48=F7827C74A867CB0=33DC84B>5 8=38E83D0;B0A434R=430=3?A4B2A81438=4E4AH2><<D=8CH5A><C74B8<?;4BCD?F0A3B>AC74 B8<?;4BC2><<D=8C84BC70CF4:=>F70E402DBC><0AH2>348=022>A30=24F8C7F78270<0=:=>FB D=34A68E4=2>=38C8>=BF70C748BC>3>0=3F70C74<0H4G?42CF70CF><0=74<0H2>DAC F7><74<DBC0E>83F70C8B78B=48671>DAQB?A>?4ACHF70C8B2><<>=C>C74:8=3A43>AC74 2><<D=8CHC>F7><74B7>D;3;>>:0B78B?A>C42C>A>A0E4=64AC>F7><7478<B4;5>F4BC74 obligation of support. There may be no regular organ for the enforcement of these obligations, yet C74H0A4A42>6=8I430=37018CD0;;H5D;R;;43,74=C74H0A41A>:4=C748=9DA43?0ACH<0H14;45CC> selfredress, but in most cases self-redress has its rules prescribing the manner in which it should be 20AA843>DCMF74C74A1H4H45>A4H40=3C>>C75>AC>>C7>A1H4G02C8=62><?4=B0C8>=M0=3C74 persons who should take part in it. These customs are accepted uncritically by each new generation as ?0AC>5C74E4AH08AC70CC74H1A40C745C74HA4@D8A40=HC74>A4C820;102:8=68C8B5>D=38=0E06D4 sense of some misfortune that will ensue upon their breach, or in some more precise theory of a C01>> 0 2DAB4 >A R=0;;H C74FA0C7 >5 B><4 B?8A8C F7827 CA0=B6A4BB8>=F8;; 4G28C4,74= 2><<D=8C84B142><4<>A4>A60=8I430=36A>F8=4GC4=CC7A>D67<8;8C0AH?>F4A>A 4=70=243 F40;C7 C74H A4@D8A40<>A434R=8C4<0278=4AH>56>E4A=<4=C0=370E4C>340;F8C70<>A4 2><?;4GB8CD0C8>=F8C7B4A5B0=3B;0E4B>ACA81DC0AH?4>?;4B>F=8=638554A4=C2DBC><0AH2>34BC 142><4B=424BB0AHC>342;0A4C74;0F0=38C8B03<8=8BC4A430=34=5>A2431H2>DACBDCF70C8B 342;0A438BBC8;;344<43>5B02A430=38=B2ADC01;4>A868=8CF0B34;8E4A43>=(8=088C8BC74;0F of the Medes and Persians which altereth not; it has not been changed since the days of Osiris; it “is =>C>5C>30H>AH4BC4A30H1DC;8E4B5>A4E4A0=3=>=4:=>FBF74=248C20<4O.4C8C<0H?A4BB E4AHD=4@D0;;H0=3C7>B4F7>DB48CD=B2AD?D;>DB;H<0H6A8=3C745024B>5C74?>>A4=24C74 <06=8R24=C?A>C4BCB>5C7441A4F?A>?74CB0=34E4=CD0;;HC74;468B;0C8>=>54DC4A>=>87HF7827 270A02C4A8BC820;;H8B?DC5>AF0A30B0E4AB8>=>5C74>;3;0FN5>D=3O8=C74)4<?;44A4F470E4 C741468==8=6B>5?A>C4BC0=3A43A4BB1DC5>ABHBC4<0C822A8C828B<F4<DBC0F08C0B4;56>E4A=8=6 ?4>?;4F8C70B27>>;>5C78=:4AB8=C748A<83BC=R5C724=CDAHA4424022>A38=6;HF4R=3C74 E0A80C8>=B0=32>=E4=C8>=0;8C84B >5 8=BC8CDC8>=B 4G?>B430=3 C74F7>;4 501A82>5 ;0F0=3 6>E4A=<4=C 270;;4=6430BC740AC8R280;?A>3D2C>57D<0=06A44<4=C34E>83>55>D=30C8>=8= N=0CDA4O%;0C>D=34AC>>:C><44CC78B2A8C828B<1H0BHBC4<0C824G0<8=0C8>=>5C74=0CDA4>5 <0=0=3 C74(C0C4F78;4A8BC>C;4 5>;;>F8=678< 8= 5D=30<4=C0;B03<8CC430 2>=E4=C8>=0; 4;4<4=C 8= ;460; 9DBC824 1DC 8=B8BC43 >= 0 =0CDA0; 9DBC824 F7827 70B 0 24AC08= E0;838CH 4E4AHF74A41420DB4 ;8:4 C74N=0CDA0;O2>=BC8CDC8>= 8C 8B C7414BCA8BC>C;4 C7DB C>D274B F8C7>DC4;01>A0C8=602>=24?C8>=>5=0CDA0;9DBC82438BC8=2C5A><?>B8C8E4;0F)78B 2>=24?C8>= 1420<4 C74 24=CA4 >5 C74 (C>82 C40278=6 #0CDA4 F0B C74 D=8E4AB0; >A34A 0=8<0C430=338A42C431H>3C>F7>B42>=38C8>=B0;;<4=703C>2>=5>A<?0AC5A>< 0=H?>B8C8E48=BC8CDC8>=C74HF4A45A><RABCC>;0BCBD1942CC>C74>1;860C8>=BF7827C78B BHBC4<?A4B2A8143DC7>FF4A4C74B4>1;860C8>=BC>14:=>F=HC78B?A8<0A8;HC70C they are obligations holding of man as such, and therefore of all men as belonging not to “the 28CH>542A>?BN1DCC>OC7428CH>5/4DBO=>C0B'><0=BA44:B0=310A10A80=B but as brothers 0=3B>=B>5>3(D27D=8E4AB0;CADC7B<867C8CF>D;3B44<145>D=338A42C;H1H0B:8=6 F70C>1;860C8>=BB44<0G8><0C8246C745D;R;<4=C>52>=CA02CB>A=460C8E4;H1H2>=B834A8=6 F70CF>D;3A4<08=85?>B8C8E48=BC8CDC8>=BF4A4C7>D67C0F0H4=248=?0AC82D;0AA4BCA08=CB0=3 8=4@D0;8C84B148=62>=B834A430B2A40C8>=B>5;0F<4=F4A4344<43N1H=0CDA4O5A440=34@D0;
It is easy to see that the method concealed ambiguities, and these have been so exhaustively 4G?>B431H0B4A84B>5FA8C4ABC70CC74H=443=>C144G0<8=4374A4(D5R248CC70C8=?;024 of a reasoned statement of the ideal ends of society with which to compare the actual, the “Nature” which the Stoics and their long line of followers set up was a double-edged conception in which the notion of a simple and perfect rationality which might serve as the groundwork of ideal ends was blended with something supposedly real all the time and yet never actually realized, while the method of reaching it was by a series of abstractions which stripped social life of much of its wealth, and sometimes resulted in quite unreal and one-sided expressions. #4E4AC74;4BBC74!0F>5#0CDA4A4?A4B4=C43C74RABCBHBC4<0C820CC4<?CC>2>=248E40A0C8>=0;
system of law based on universal obligations, and claiming a higher authority than any 8=BC8CDC8>=B>5(C0C4BBD278C2>D;3140??;843F8C714=4R24=C45542C1H(C>829DA8BCB8= reforming Roman law, in humanizing slavery and sweeping away the archaic barbarities of the Roman family system. It could be applied in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as a check on tyranny, a plea for democracy, a method of overcoming international anarchy. It could be so used because, when all is said and done, it enshrined a real and profound truth. Locke is in the main right when he says: “The promises and bargains for truck, etc., between two men in Soldania, or between a Swiss and an Indian in the woods of America, are binding to them, though they are perfectly in a state of nature in reference to one another, for truth and keeping of faith belongs to man as man, and not as members of society.” 1 He is right because the duty of keeping faith and the right of expecting it to be kept hold of men as soon as they enter into the relation of a bargain. They are not established by any political institutions, but are principles which every political organization must accept under penalty of disorganization if it ignores them. Criticism turns on the phase “State of nature,” which as here used suggests that “by nature” men stand in casual temporary and external relations to one another. This is not what Locke really intends, for he conceives the state of nature as one in which men live sociably together without organized government. But the usage indicates, the real logical danger of the term nature and the conception of social contract. For beginning with abstractions-the omission of elements from things as we know them M8C8B50C0;;H40BHC>01BCA02CC>><D270=38=C78B20B4C>B:8?2;40A5A><C74BD1942C>50 civilized governance to the isolated individual in no social relations at all. When this is done, the
individual is clothed with rights which are made to dominate instead of securing the commongood, and are even divorced from duties because duties imply socialties.1
