ABSTRACT
Other definitions have focused less on what motivation does and more on what motivation is. From this perspective, motivation can be characterized as either a product or a process (Winne & Marx, 1989). When viewed as a product or state, motivation refers to a willingness, desire, or condition ofarousal or activation. At any particular time, students have a level of motivation that they experience phenomenologically, that influences their initial and ongoing engagement with regard to a particular activity. Motivation can also describe the cognitive and affective processes through which students' level of motivation or goal-directed behavior is determined (pintrich & Schunk, 2002). From this perspective, motivation refers not just to an end state, but also to the cognitive processes that govern how that end state is achieved (Winne & Marx, 1989).
