ABSTRACT
Self-effi cacy refers to perceived capabilities for learning or performing actions at designated levels (Bandura, 1997). Since Bandura (1977a, 1977b) introduced the construct of self-effi cacy to the psychological literature, researchers have explored its role in various domains including education, business, athletics, careers, health, and wellness. Researchers have investigated the operation of self-effi cacy among diff erent individuals, developmental levels, and cultures.
