ABSTRACT
Multi-level governance refers to higher education and research institutions now being subject to different types of accountability or measures of evaluation from different group. This chapter elaborates on the changes in the organization of knowledge production with somewhat controversial claim to make the argument that the regimes of governance for higher education and research in Western Europe that have been evolving since the 1980s have epistemological consequences. The chapter takes the system of higher education and research in Western European countries as its primary empirical referent. The separation of indicators of evaluation for education and research may, arguably, be said to convey the reality of the individuality of the two activities. It presents problems for university management at all levels, since every head of department must encourage his or her staff to strive to embody the Humboldtian ideal of teacher-researcher, since specialization in teaching will only lead to frustrated ambitions.
