ABSTRACT
As a result of the confined nature of Singapore waters and presence of a large number of patch reefs, reclamation and associated dredging activities often take place in very close proximity to coral reefs, seagrass areas and industrial intakes. Recognising the value of these marine habitats and industrial resources, Singapore has established strict Environmental Quality Objectives (EQO) for marine construction activities. In order to document compliance with these EQO’s, pro-active Environmental Monitoring and Management Plans (EMMP) based upon feedback monitoring principles are required for marine construction activities to proceed, when these are in close proximity to key environmental receptors.
