ABSTRACT
Chapter 4 analyzes the civil rights movement in Memphis in the context of national efforts. In cities like Birmingham and Selma, Alabama, nonviolent marchers and protesters were met with massive resistance and violence. Citizens conducted direct action protests such as boycotts, marches, and sit-ins while also filing federal and state lawsuits to protest their disfranchisement in a segregated society. Most received redress after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
