ABSTRACT
Beginning in the mid-1970s, environmental management of industrial air emissions and wastewater discharges focused on end-of-the-pipe or end-of-the-stack treatment technologies. Both the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (now called the “Clean Water Act”), as well as the parallel regulatory structures set up at state and local levels, required new treatment technologies to be developed to manage air emissions and wastewater discharges. But none of these early statutes and regulations mandated that corporations minimize the amount of waste generated or prevent pollution during manufacturing.
