ABSTRACT
Pioneering experiments with electricity and muscle began in the 1600s when Swammerdam stimulated an innervated frog muscle with a low voltage, causing the muscle to contract (Bendal, 1980). In 1780 Luigi Galvani carried out a range of electrical experiments (Fig. 1), including hanging freshly killed frogs’ legs on an iron fence during a thunderstorm. When the legs touched the iron railing they twitched violently, even when there was no lightning (Wilson, 1965).
