ABSTRACT
Many metals are of concern because of their toxic properties and some metals are also essential for survival and health of animals and humans.
In risk assessments concerning toxicity of essential metals, their essentiality should also be taken into account to avoid too low intakes. This has not always been done in a proper way and authorities responsible for protecting the public from adverse health effects from toxicity have issued recommendations that have
* Part of this chapter was a contribution to the draft WHO/IPCS working paper “Methodology for Risk Assessment of Toxicity for Essential Trace Elements.”
