ABSTRACT
There are occasions when for various reasons the owner prefers to have specific problems solved by grouting rather than by other methods. For example, it may be less expensive to replace a shallow leaking tunnel section by cut and cover methods, but a city may decide to use grouting to avoid the inconvenience of a blocked traffic artery. If the owner is a public agency, it then becomes necessary to write specifications for bidding that will ensure the use of materials and techniques satisfactory to the owner. Of course, performance specifications could also be written, but this is not current practice in the United States (it is much more common in Europe). Eventually, it may become necessary for the owner to inspect the job in all its stages and on rare occasions to supervise it.
