ABSTRACT
The 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake caused serious damage to a number of soil retaining walls (RWs) for railway embankments, as reported by Tatsuoka et al. (1996). Based on field investigations and back analyses on the performance of the damaged RWs, Koseki et al. (1996, 1999) showed that there is a large difference between the seismic coefficients (kh)design used in the current design for RWs and the ratios of the highest peak horizontal ground accelerations to the gravitational acceleration estimated at the damaged RWs.
