ABSTRACT
There are several nonfinancial institutions that can provide financing. First, there is self-financing because a business can use its own capital or can withhold dividends so that profits can be plowed back into the organization for further business expansion. Second, retailers and manufacturers alike may be able to seek trade credit and financial assistance from certain middlemen, such as export merchants and trading companies. Third, when joint ventures are formed, foreign partners can also lend a helping hand. Fourth, subsidiaries of MNCs may borrow from affiliated firms as well as from the employee retirement fund.
