ABSTRACT
This chapter pursues sociology and psychology more closely as cultural theses of cosmopolitanism and its double gestures at the beginning of the 20th century. These social and psychological studies leached into pedagogy as "converting ordinances." Individual self-realization was not only about the individual but linked to collective belonging in order to develop the common good. The converting ordinances also related to the Social Question of poverty and populations of the city discussed in chapters 3 and 4.
