ABSTRACT

Urban regeneration, by its very nature, is both a part of and a response to economic, social, technological, environmental and political changes. It mitigates the negative effects of the changes on an area and it remakes (or attempts to remake) an area’s economic, social, technological, environmental and political infrastructure, so that it meets the revised demands of society. Local leaders have to decide how best to respond to the changes and then choose the ‘tools’ to do it. The tools may be based on the state or the market or mutual and voluntary action, or combinations of the three. The legislative and policy environment in which they are deployed varies over time (Appendix 1).