ABSTRACT
The orthodox-activist message of the Khalidiyya was successfully disseminated in both the Ottoman lands and on the fringes of the Islamic world. It failed, however, to penetrate the original lands of either the Mujaddidiyya or the erstwhile Naqshbandiyya. In India, leadership of the central lodge in Delhi was returned after Shah Ghulam ‘Ali’s death to the Mujaddidi family (Ahmad Sirhindi’s descendants). Concomitantly the Mujaddidiyya established a stronger presence in the largest Muslim princely state of Hyderabad in the Deccan. In the aftermath of the Great Revolt of 1857-1858 the Mujaddidis took refuge in the Haramayn, but in the 1880s one of them, Abu al-Khayr, made his way back to India and re-established the family authority. His progeny occupy his lodge to this day. At that time the brotherhood began to spread to Muslim rural areas of northern India, especially in the Punjab. At the turn of the twentieth century, Indian masters such as Jama‘at ‘Ali adopted modern means to propagate the path, while other followers, to be discussed in the last chapter, opted for altogether new organizations.
