ABSTRACT

ESRD is caused by illness or trauma that damages the kidneys and impairs their function. Even though there are two kidneys, it is possible to have adequate kidney function with just one kidney. When the kidneys function at about 30% of normal, the patient begins to show signs of uremia (poisoning), with symptoms including weakness, nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue, and a bitter taste in the mouth. During this

stage, which precedes dialysis or transplantation, the patient is monitored and treated with a combination of medication and lifestyle changes. At 10 to 15% of functionality, ESRD occurs (the final stage of kidney disease) and the patient requires renal replacement therapy (Frank, Auslander, & Weissgarten, 2003).