ABSTRACT
In general, Mintzberg presented the results of his analysis in a way that suggested that the reality of managerial work was seriously at odds with
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validity, so that: ‘If you ask a manager what he does, he will most likely tell you that he plans, organizes, co-ordinates, controls. Then watch what he does. Don’t be surprised if you can’t relate what you see to those four words.’ Managers seemed to have been sold an erroneous view of management which could not be reconciled with what they actually did.
