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Gaddafi (Qadhafi), Muammar al-(1942-), leader of the Libyan Revolution: born at Sirte, trained at Benghazi Military Academy from 1963, specializing in signals and electronics and completed his studies, under British Army instructors, in Wiltshire, 1966-7. While at Benghazi he formed a Free Officers Movement, in emulation of NASSER in Egypt. On 1 September 1969 Colonel Gaddafi was leader of a group of twelve junior officers who deposed King IDRIS, proclaimed a socialist republic, and governed Libya through a Revolutionary Command Council, of which Gaddafi was Chairman. From 1971 to 1974 he collaborated closely with Egypt and Syria and with the Soviet bloc. He completed nationalization of Libya’s oil resources, at the expense of British and US interests. By 1977 Gaddafi had adopted internal and external policies which were markedly distinct from the traditional ways of his Arab neighbours. Although he remained Libya’s virtual dictator Gaddafi held no formal post: he was, officially, ‘Leader of the Revolution and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces’. A form of direct democracy-Jamahiriya-was introduced, based upon a pyramidic structure of more than 2,000 consultative People’s Congresses, together with regional Popular Committees, thirteen Municipality Congresses and, at national level, a General Congress. From March 1977 Gaddafi’s Libya was officially styled ‘The Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya’. Gaddafi personally favoured innovation, opposing Muslim traditionalists by arguing that what mattered was not the accumulation of conservative precepts within Islamic law, but the rules of the Koran itself. This philosophy led him to support not only the Iran of the Ayatollahs, but a general concept of Islamic World revolution. By 1980 his agents were fomenting unrest in Chad, Sudan, Morocco and Tunisia: six states, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia, refused to recognize Jamahiriya Libya. His support for Arab terrorism led to exchanges of fire with US aircraft in August 1981 and March 1986. On 15 April 1986 an American air-raid on Gaddafi’s Tripoli headquarters killed some of his family, but failed to topple the regime. While he began to treat his immediate neighbours with more caution (promoting a reconciliation with Egypt in November 1989) his relations with the USA and western Europe remained strained, largely because he refused to hand over terrorist suspects linked with the 1988 destruction of a Pan-Am flight over Lockerbie. The UN Security Council imposed economic sanctions on Libya in

April 1992. D.Blundy and A.Lycett: Qadhafi and the Libyan Revolution (1987); L.C.Harris: Libya; Qadhafi’s Revolution and the Modern State (Boulder, Colo., 1986); R.B.St John: Qadhafi’s World Design: Libyan Foreign Policy 1969-87 (1987). Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934-68), Soviet astronaut: born at Gzhatsk, entered the Soviet flying school at Orenburg in 1955, was seconded four years later for intensive training as an astronaut. Major Gagarin achieved world fame on 12. April 1961 when he became the first man to travel in space, orbiting the earth in a six-ton satellite of the Vostok spacecraft. This achievement appeared to confirm the Soviet lead in applied science, first noted by the West when the earth satellite, Sputnik I, was launched on 4 October 1957. Alarm at these Soviet space ‘firsts’ prompted KENNEDY to announce America’s intention of landing a man on the moon by the end of the decade, thus beginning in earnest the SovietAmerican space race rivalry of the 1960s. Gagarin was killed in March 1968 in an air crash, while commanding a training unit of the Soviet air force. Gaitskell, Hugh Todd Naylor (1906-63), British Labour Party leader from 1955 to 1963: born in London and educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford. He became active in the socialist movement during the General Strike of 1926. Although he did not enter parliament until 1945 (MP for Leeds, South), he was a Cabinet minister within two years and succeeded CRIPPS as Chancellor of the Exchequer in October 1950. His decision to introduce charges for the National Health Service made him unpopular with the Left of his party. In reality he was well to the Centre, a social democrat and never a Marxist. His gifts as an economist and parliamentarian enabled him to win acceptance as Labour leader in succession to ATTLEE (December 1955), even though he was opposed by the veteran, Herbert MORRISON, and the idol of the Left, Aneurin BEVAN. Gaitskell subsequently won support from Bevan and they represented a formidable combination in opposition to the Suez policy of EDEN in 1956. Wrangles over nationalization and unilateral nuclear disarmament weakened the party nationally, and Gaitskell failed to lead it to victory in the 1959 General Election. He successfully pushed aside attempts by Harold WILSON to oust him from the leadership in 1960 and was beginning to rally the party behind him, notably at the party conferences of 1961 and 1962, when his health gave way prematurely and he died in January 1963, Wilson succeeding him as party leader. P.M.Williams: Hugh Gaitskell (rev. edn 1982);W. T.Rodgers (ed.): Hugh Gaitskell, 1906-1963 (1964). Galtieri, Leopoldo Fortunato (1926-), Argentinian political General: born at Caseta, near Buenos Aires. After completing his education at the National Military College he was commissioned in 1945 and in a conventional career had reached the rank of General when, in 1976, he joined the ruling military junta which removed PERON’S widow, Maria Estela PERON, from the presidency. Galtieri became head of the junta, and effective President of Argentina, on 11 De cember 1981 at a time when the Republic’s economy was near collapse and there was widespread condemnation of the junta’s denial of human rights. To the

satisfaction of the REAGAN administration, General Galtieri fiercely denounced ‘communism’ and sought to impose a fashionable monetarism on the economy. When his austerity measures led to riots in the capital (mid-March 1982) he encouraged patriotic feeling by a surprise assault on the Malvinas (the British colony of the Falkland Islands), long coveted by the Argentinians. The resultant Falklands War deprived him of support from Reagan and ended in military disaster: he fell from power on 17-18 June 1982. A year later he was courtmartialled and sentenced to twelve years’ imprisonment for having plunged Argentina recklessly into an ill-prepared conflict with Great Britain. D.Rock: Argentina, 1516-1982 (1986); L.Bethell (ed.): Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol. 8, 1930-90 (Cambridge, 1991); (Amnesty International): Argentina; the Military Junta and Human Rights (1987). Gambetta, Léon (1838-82), founding father of the Third French Republic: born at Cahors, practised law from 1859 onwards, becoming one of the most prominent radical liberals opposing NAPOLEON III. He gai n ed a sensat iona tory in the elections for the Chamber in 1869, being chosen as Deputy for Paris largely through the appeal of ‘radical democracy’, whose principles he succinctly outlined in the Belleville Manifesto (December 1869). When news reached Paris of the capture of Napoleon at Sedan, Gambetta proclaimed a Republic from the Hotel de Ville in Paris (4 September 1870). He organized the ‘pro visional government of national defence’, serving as Minister of the Interior and of War, staying in Paris after the city was besieged by the Prussians and escaping on 7 October by balloon so as to lead further resistance from Tours. He resigned office when the National Assembly, meeting at Bordeaux, favoured peace and the policies of THIERS in February 1871. Gambetta for the following eight years was leader of the moderate republican opposition, showing less radicalism than at Belleville and holding in check the extremists of the Left while denouncing the repressive policies of Thiers and the crypto-royalism of his successor in the presidency, MACMAHON. On 4 May 1877 Gambetta delivered in the Chamber of Deputies a famous speech rallying republicans against the direct and indirect power of the Catholic Church (‘Clericalism-there is the enemy’). Although no republican statesman of his generation had such influence as Gambetta, he served as Prime Minister for a mere nine weeks (14 November 1881 to 27 January 1882), the leaders of other political factions fearing his dictatorial ambitions if he were allowed a long term of office. He died on 31 December 1882, apparently from a shooting accident. J.P.T.Bury: Gambetta and the National Defence (1936), Gambetta and the Making of the Third Republic (1973), Gambetta’s Final Years (1982). Gandhi, Indira (née Nehru), (1917-84), Indian Prime Minister: born at Allahabad, educated at Swiss and English schools and at Somerville College, Oxford. She joined the Congress Party in 1939 and spent twelve months in prison during the political crisis caused by the Japanese threat to invade India. In 1942 she married Feroze Gandhi and did not take part in national politics until after his death in 1960. Within a few weeks of the death of her father, Pandit

NEHRU, in June 1964, she entered the government of his successor, Lal SHASTRI, as minister responsible for information services. When Shastri suddenly died eighteen months later, she campaigned for leadership of the Congress Party, defeated Morarji Desai in the election, and became Prime Minister of India on 24 January 1966. Her eleven years of office were marked in external affairs by frequent crises with Pakistan, the most serious ending in the thirteen-day war of December 1971 which confirmed the secession from Pakistan of Bangladesh. At home Mrs Gandhi sought to modernize Hindu social ideas, notably by encouraging birth control. In 1974 complaints were made that she was responsible for electoral malpractices by senior members of her party. On 12 June 1975 the Indian High Court found her guilty of electoral corruption and she was barred from public office for six years. She appealed against this verdict and, at the end of the month, invoked the Maintenance of Internal Security Act to have nearly 700 opponents arrested, subsequently banning many political movements and in July securing dictatorial powers from the rump of Parliament. Civil war threatened India for six months but early in 1977 the restrictions were relaxed and a General Election held on 16-18 March. Mrs Gandhi lost her seat in Rae Bareli and her followers were heavily defeated. She resigned on 22 March and was succeeded by Desai, at the head of a Congressbreakaway group, the Janata Party. Although her career suffered a major setback, she began to restore her fortunes some eighteen months later. The Congress Party, under her leadership, won the Indian General Election of January 1980 and she again became Prime Minister. Demands for autonomy by Sikh extremists in the Punjab threatened civil war and on 5 June 1984 Mrs Gandhi ordered the army to occupy the Golden Temple complex at Amritsar and other shrines where militants had taken refuge. More than 300 Sikhs were killed. Anger at this military action induced a Sikh member of her bodyguard to assassinate Indira Gandhi on 31 October 1984 in New Delhi. She was succeeded by her son, Rajiv GANDHI.P.Jayakar: Indira Gandhi; a Biography (New Delhi, 1992-); Tariq Ali: An Indian Dynasty, the Story of the Nehru-Gandhi Family (New York, 1985). Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869-1948), Mahatma (‘Great Soul’) of the Indian people: born at Porbandar, studied law in London from 1889 to 1891 and practised-for two years as a barrister in Bombay before settling in South Africa, where he lived from 1893 to 1914. He was leader of the Indian community from 1895, and in 1907 began the first of a series of passive resistance campaigns, protesting at discriminatory laws, especially in the Transvaal. After his return to India he was accepted as an experienced organizer by the Indian National Congress Party and in 1915 succeeded the Hindu extremist, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, as leader of the party. Gandhi’s spiritually inspiring teaching, and especially his doctrine of non-violent civil disobedience, owed something to Tolstoy as well as to older Hindu traditions. Congress sought complete independence for India. Gandhi could not prevent terrorism although he curbed the incidence of outrages. A boycott of British goods was accompanied by encouragement of

native village industries, and the spinning-wheel became the symbol of his movement from 1924 onwards. He was first imprisoned by the British authorities as an agitator in 192.2 and again in May 1930, having ‘publicly made salt in defiance of the Salt Laws’. During the eight months in which he was imprisoned the agitation became more violent and hundreds were killed in rioting. In September 1931 he came to London as Congress spokesman at ‘Round Table’ conferences on India’s future; and his ascetic figure, in white shawl, loin cloth and sandals, made a deep impression on the English public. His demands, however, were too extreme for the MACDONALD National Government. He was arrested again after his return to India, in 1933, and interned in 1942, resorting to hunger strikes as part of his passive resistance campaign. In 1945 and 1946 he worked closely with NEHRU in seeking agreement with WAVELL and MOUNTBATTEN (the last two Viceroys) on the partition and eventual independence of the Indian Empire, which was achieved on 15 August 1947. This willingness to accept partition lost Gandhi the support of radical nationalist extremists, incapable of understanding the Mahatma’s spiritual philosophy of passive self-purification. He survived one assassination plot early in 1948 but was shot dead by a young Hindu journalist in Delhi ten days later (30 January). M.K. Gandhi: The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (82 vols) (New Delhi, 1958-80), The Story of My Experiment with Truth (2nd edn 1949); B.R.Nanda: Mahatma Gandhi, a Biography (Oxford, 1981); R.Pyarelal: Mahatma Gandhi: the Last Phase (Ahmedabad, 1958); G. Sharp: The Politics of Non-Violent Action (Boston, Mass., 1974); B.R.Tomlinson: the Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929-1942 (1976); D.A. Low (ed.): Congress and the Raj; Facets of the Indian Struggle, 1917-1947 (1977). Gandhi, Rajiv (1944-91), Indian Prime Minister: born in New Delhi, the firstborn son of Indira GANDHI. He studied engineering at Cambridge but became a pilot with Indian Airlines and in 1968 married an Italian. Until the death in an air crash of his brother Sanjay Gandhi (1946-80) he shared none of the family interest in politics, but succeeded to Sanjay’s parliamentary seat and became General-Secretary of his mother’s wing of the Congress Party in 1983. He became head of the government on her assassination in October 1984, his authority being confirmed by victory in the ensuing election. As Prime Minister he encouraged rapid and widespread technological innovation, but continued hostility from Sikh extremists led him to order further military intervention at Amritsar in May 1988 and his government lost popularity. He was defeated in the November 1989 General Election. On 21 May 1991 Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated while campaigning to recover his lost popularity. N.Nugent: Rajiv Gandhi, Son of a Dynasty (1991); B.Sen Gupta: Rajiv Gandhi: a Political Study (New Delhi, 1987 Garfield, James Abram (1831-81), President of the United States in 1881: born in a log cabin on the frontier in Ohio and had a hard life as a child helping to support his widowed mother. He was educated at Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later Hiram College, Ohio) and Williams College. He became a lay preacher, teacher, a member of the Ohio bar, and in the Civil War raised his own

regiment of volunteers, many of them from among his students at Hiram College. In 1863 he resigned his commission as a Major-General, and sat for seventeen years in the House of Representatives. He became Republican candidate for the 1880 Presidential Election after thirty-nine ballots at the Convention, and he chose Chester ARTHUR as his running-mate. He won the contest with a comfortable electoral vote but a narrow popular vote. On 2 July 1881, only four months after taking office, he was shot and seriously wounded by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed seeker after patronage. President Garfield died eleven weeks later, achieving posthumously some veneration through W.M.Thayer’s wellknown biography, From Log Cabin to White House. J.D.Doenecke: The Presidencies of James A.Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (Lawrence, Kans., 1981). Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-82), Italian patriot General: born in Nice, a French possession at the time of his birth but forming part of the kingdom of PiedmontSardinia from 1815 to 1860. He served at sea for most of his youth but was implicated in the attempt of Mazzini’s ‘Young Italy’ movement to seize Genoa in 1834. Under sentence of death Garibaldi escaped to South America where he gained fame as Commander of an ex-patriate Italian Legion of ‘redshirts’, fighting to defend Montevideo against the Argentinian forces from Buenos Aires. He returned to Italy during the revolutions of 1848 and led the defence of the Roman Republic against Neapolitan and French armies seeking to restore the temporal authority of Pope PIUS IX. After sustaining a two months’ siege in Rome Garibaldi was forced to retreat across the Appennines to the Adriatic, narrowly escaping capture by Austrian counter-revolutionary soldiery. For most of the years 1850 to 1854 he continued to sail as a master mariner, trading mainly in the Pacific, but at the age of 47 he settled as a farmer on Caprera, an island off the north east coast of Sardinia. During the 1859 war between Austria and Piedmont he commanded a guerrilla force (the ‘Alpine Hunters’) operating around Lake Como. In May 1860 Garibaldi embarked some thousand men at Genoa on a filibustering enterprise intended to assist rebels against the King of Naples’ rule in Sicily. After his ‘Thousand’ defeated the Neapolitan Army at the battle of Calatafimi, Garibaldi advanced across Sicily to Palermo which was entered on 27 May, only three weeks after the Thousand’s departure from Genoa. Acting in the name of a unified Italy Garibaldi now crossed to the mainland, liberated Naples and gained a further victory on the river Volturno. He then surrendered his conquests to Victor EMMANUEL II of Piedmont, whom he personally hailed as King of Italy on 26 October 1860. Garibaldi retired to Caprera although continuing to influence the politics of the newly unified kingdom. In 1862 and again in 1867 he made unsuccessful attempts to occupy Rome and in 1870-1 he fought for the French Republic against the Prussians, achieving some successes on the Upper Seine. He died and was buried at Caprera, becoming a legendary hero, outstanding among liberal nationalist patriot fighters during the closing years of Romanticism. G.M.Trevelyan: Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Re-public (1907), Garibaldi and the Thousand (1909),

Garibaldi and the Making of Italy (1911); J.Ridley: Garibaldi (1974); C.Hibbert: Garibaldi and his Enemies (1965). Garner, John Nance (1868-1967), Vice-President of the United States from 1933 to 1941: born in Red River County, Texas, the son of pioneers. He spent his boyhood as a cattle puncher, studying at night. Eventually he graduated from the University of the South in Tennessee, becoming a lawyer in 1890 and practising at Uvalde in southern Texas, close to the Rio Grande. He sat in the Texas legislature from 1898 to 1902, and was a Democrat Congressman from 1903 to 1933, being Speaker of the House of the Representatives for the last two of these thirty years. In 1932 ‘Speaker Jack’, who was himself a strong candidate for nomination, accepted an offer to be runningmate to Franklin ROOSEVELT, and thus became Vice-President in March 1933. His support was invaluable to Roosevelt on two counts: he commanded a considerable following in the South; and he knew the mood of Congress intimately. Although Garner and his supporters were uneasy at the ‘socialistic’ implications of the New Deal, he agreed to be Roosevelt’s running-mate again in 1936. Relations between the President and Vice-President deteriorated during the second term. Garner decided to run for the presidential nomination in 1940, but dropped out of the race when he proved antipathetic to the unions-‘a labour-baiting, poker-playing, whiskey-drinking, evil old man’ was the uncharitable public description of him at this time by John L.LEWIS. From 1941 Garner lived in retirement in Texas, the last of the rural hickory Vice-Presidents. B.N.Timmons: Garner of Texas (New York, 1948); A.M.Schlesinger, Jnr.: The Age of Roosevelt; the Coming of the New Deal (Boston, Mass., 1958). Gasperi, Alcide de: see De Gasperi, Alcide. Gaulle, Charles de: see de Gaulle, Charles. George I (1845-1913), King of the Hellenes from 1863: born in Copenhagen, second son of King Christian IX of Denmark. He was known as Prince William of Denmark until offered the vacant crown of Greece by a delegation from Athens in June 1863, formally acceding on 31 October 1863. His reign was marked by patient attempts to consolidate a democratic constitutional monarchy within an expanding kingdom. At his accession the northern frontier ran only 140 miles north of Athens: Corfu and the Ionian islands were added in 1864; Thessaly and part of Epirus in 1881, and Crete, much of Macedonia and northern Epirus in the last years of his reign. George I’s tact guided Greece through twenty-one general elections (averaging one every six months between 1863 and 1881): seventeen rival Prime Ministers formed no less than seventy governments. The greatest threat to the constitutional monarchy was posed by a Military League of ambitious junior army officers from 1909 onwards; but the danger was contained by a somewhat uneasy partnership between the King and the formidable Cretan liberal, VENIZELOS. King George was assassinated by a mentally unstable Greek alcoholic on 18 March 1913 on the waterfront of Salonika, the port which Greek troops had captured from the Turks four months previously. He was succeeded by CONSTANTINE I. King George’s widow, the

Russian-born Queen Olga (1821-1926), survived the crises of the following eight years and was herself Queen Regent in the closing months of 1920. J.van der Kiste: Kings of the Hellenes 1863-1974 (Stroud, 1994); Prince Michael of Greece and A.Palmer: The Royal House of Greece (1990); Prince Nicholas of Greece: My Fifty Years (1926); Prince Christopher of Greece: Memoirs (1938). George V (1865-1936), King of Great Britain, etc., and Emperor of India from 1910 to 1936: born in Marlborough House, London, the second son of EDWARD VII. At the age of II he entered the Royal Navy, serving at sea under sail, and he retained an interest in the fleet, and a naval officer’s saltiness of character, throughout his life. In January 1892 his mentally dim elder brother, the Duke of Clarence, died from pneumonia. Prince George was created Duke of York and on 6 July 1893 married the dead Clarence’s fiancée, Princess Mary of Teck (18671953), his father’s second cousin. On Edward VII’s accession he and his wife undertook an eight-month voyage to Australasia, South Africa and Canada in order to emphasize the unity of the Empire. Upon his return he was created Prince of Wales (9 November 1901) and for nine years served as a close assistant to his father, with whom he was on excellent personal terms. He became King on 6 May 1910, his reign soon being overshadowed by the First World War. While visiting his troops in France he was thrown from his horse (28 October 1915) and suffered severe injuries, never fully recovering his physical strength. During the post-war period he became extremely popular, partly because of his constitutional diligence and, in later years, through his radio messages which he broadcast in an avuncular manner lacking all microphone self-consciousness. He rarely intervened in politics, accepting the guidance of his constitutional advisers over the appointment of BALDWIN as Prime Minister (1923) and over the formation of a National Government under MACDONALD in 1931. He continued, until his last hours of life, to take pride in the plentitude of Empire: in December 1911 he became the first-and only-King-Emperor to visit India and hold a ceremonial Durbar as reigning sovereign. He narrowly survived a severe illness, and two operations for septicaemia, in the winter of 1928-9. In May, 1935 he was surprised by the warmth of popular affection shown towards him during the Silver Jubilee celebrations. He died from acute bronchial trouble in the following winter at Sandringham, his son succeeding him as EDWARD VI II January 1936). K.Rose: King George V (1983); H.Nicolson: King George V, his Life and Reign (1952); J.Gore: King George V, a Personal Memoir (1941); J. Pope-Hennessy: Queen Mary (1959). George VI (1895-1952), King of Great Britain, etc., from 1936 to 1952 and Emperor of India from 1936 to 1947: born at Sandringham, the second son of GEORGE V. He served in the Royal Navy from 1909 to 1917 and was present at the battle of Jutland in HMS Collingwood. After spending a year in the Royal Air Force he went up to Trinity College, Cambridge for three terms. In 1920 he was created Duke of York and in April 1923 married Lady Elizabeth BowesLyon (born 1900). From 1921 he was patron of an annual summer camp which sought the integration of young men from different social classes, and it was

in this capacity that he was best known to the public when, unexpectedly, on 1 1 D cember 1936, he was called to the throne because of the abdication of his brother, EDWARD VIII. In the summer of became the first reigning KingEmperor to visit the United States, achieving much personal success, especially in Washington. He remained above politics, although at times in the Second World War he had to restrain the impetuosity of his Prime Minister, Winston CHURCHILL. The burden of the war years, and of overcoming a natural shyness and a speech defect, imposed a strain on his health, and in 1951 he underwent two operations for cancer. While convalescing at Sandringham he died in his sleep in the early hours of 6 February 1952 and was succeeded by his elder daughter, ELIZABETH II. J.W.Wheel Bennett: King George VI; his Life Reign (1958); S.Bradford: King George VI (1989). George, David Lloyd: see Lloyd George, David. George, Henry (1839-97), American economist: born in Philadelphia, left school at 14, becoming successively an errand boy, a sailor, a printer and a journalist. While serving as a newspaper man in northern California, he developed on his own initiative original theories of taxation. These he presented to the public in 1879 as the principal theme in his book Progress and Poverty, which made him a national figure overnight. He proposed the abolition of poverty by redistributing wealth through a single tax imposed on unearned increments and the rent derived from land. George made two visits to Britain, and wrote The Irish Land Question (1881) and three further, more orthodox, works on political economy. He failed to secure election as Mayor of New York and, in American political life, was something of a nine days’ wonder. His main influence was upon British radicals and socialist intellectuals: Fabian economics owed more to George than to MARX, and his lectures in London in 1882, stimulated some of the finest minds of the younger generation, including SHAW and Beatrice Webb.C. A.Barker: Henry George (New York, 1955); S.B.Curd: Henry George, Dreamer or Realist? (New York, 1984). Geronimo (Goyath Lay) (1829-1909), last of the warrior Apache chiefs: the principal organizer of the Indians of the south west who waged war against white settlers in Arizona after the death of the peaceful chief Cochise, in 1874. Geronimo showed himself a natural tactician of great intelligence, evading death and capture until 1883, when he was taken but escaped. In 1886 he surrendered on the understanding that his warriors would be permitted to join their families in existing reservations. This pledge was not kept. After imprisonment the survivors, including Geronimo, were settled in Oklahoma Territory. His dignity, horsemanship and qualities of leadership made him the most famous of Indian chiefs. Three years before his death he dictated some remarkable chapters of autobiography, and he was the hero of three major films between 1938 and 1962. S.M.Barrett: Geronimo’s Story of his Life (New York, 1907); B.Davis: The Truth About Geronimo (Chicago, 1951); D.Brown: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (1971); O.B.Faulk: The Geronimo Campaign (New York, 1969).