ABSTRACT
This chapter aims to provide a critical assessment of the models currently available for understanding pupil activity. There are two well developed models which can be utilized for the analysis of pupil activity, both of which have a considerable history but remain in vogue. One is the adaptation model, originating from Merton's work, and the other is the subculture model, developed by Albert Cohen and Walter Miller. Merton identifies a number of different orientations individuals might adopt in relation to culturally defined goals and legitimate means. Applications of the subculture model treat contextual variability in an ad hoc manner. By introducing the possibility of pupils being manipulative and calculating Ball seems to be leaning towards a decision-making approach whilst hanging on to the subculture model.
