ABSTRACT
This first volume includes scientific sources that were foundational in the professionalization of science and in the development and dissemination of scientific thinking as it moved towards evolutionary thought, including emerging ideas in biology, botany, zoology, anatomy, natural theology, and geology. The volume is comprised of specialist and popular science, and because science was becoming increasingly internationalised, particularly significant and influential overseas sources have been included. The volume includes extracts from works by Rev. Gilbert White, Baron Cuvier, William Paley, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Rev. William Buckland, Charles Waterton, Charles Lyell, Richard Owen, Louis Agassiz, Roderick Murchison, Alexander von Humboldt, Henry Sedgwick, Hugh Miller, Patrick Mathew, Robert Chambers, John Ruskin, and Philip Gosse.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
part 1|59 pages
Precursors
chapter 1|4 pages
John Evelyn, Fumifugium: Or, the Inconvenience of the Aer and Smoke of London Dissipated. Together with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed by J.E. Esq.; To his Sacred Majestie, and to the Parliament Now Assembled
(London: Gabriel Bedel, and Thomas Collins, 1772 [1661])
chapter 2|4 pages
John Evelyn, Sylva; Or a Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in his Majesty's Dominions
(London: J. Walthoe, 1729 [1664])
chapter 3|4 pages
John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Work of Creation
The Seventh Edition, Corrected (London: William Innys, 1717 [1691])
chapter 4|10 pages
Robert Hooke, A General Scheme, or Idea of the Present State of Natural Philosophy, And how its Defects may be Remedied by a Methodical Proceeding in the Making Experiments and Collecting Observations whereby to Compile a Natural History, as the Solid Basis for the Superstructure of True Philosophy
(London: Royal Society, 1705)
chapter 5|8 pages
Linnaeus (Carl von Linne), Lachesis Lapponica, Or a Tour in Lapland, Ed. James Charles Troilius Edward Smith, Trans Charles Troilius
(London: Richard Taylor and Co, 1811). (First published as Flora Lapponica, Amsterdam, 1737)
chapter 6|9 pages
Georges Louis de Buffon, Buffon's Natural History: A Theory of the Earth, A General History of Man, of the Brute Creation, and of Vegetables, Minerals, &C. & C., from the French, with Notes by the Translator, in Ten Volumes, ed. and trans. William Smith Barr, Vol VI
(London: S. D. Symonds, 1797 [1756])
chapter 7|3 pages
Emmerich de Vattel, The Law of Nations, or Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns
(Philadelphia: P.H. Nicklin & T. Johnson, 1835) (first published in French, 1758, in English 1760)
chapter 8|3 pages
John Bruckner, A Philosophical Survey of the Animal Creation, an Essay, Trans. from the French
(London: S. Highley, 1791)
part 2|62 pages
Natural Theology and the Great Chain of Being
chapter 11|7 pages
William Paley, Natural Theology; Or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature,, 2nd Ed
(London: R. Paulder, 1802)
chapter 12|4 pages
Peter Mark Roget, Animal and Vegetable Physiology Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, Treatise 5 (2 Vols.), The Bridgewater Treatises, 3rd Ed
(London: William Pickering, 1834)
chapter 13|6 pages
Adam Sedgwick, On the Studies of the University,, 2nd Ed
(Cambridge: Pitt Press, 1834)
chapter 14|3 pages
Henry Cole, Popular Geology Subversive of Divine Revelation! A Letter to the Rev. Adam Sedgwick, Woodwardian Professor of Geology in the University of Cambridge, being a Scriptural Refutation of the Geological Positions and Doctrines Promulgated in his Lately Published Commencement Sermon, Preached in the University of Cambridge, 1832
(London: Hatchard and Son, 1834)
chapter 15|5 pages
Rev. William Buckland, Geology and Minerology with Reference to Natural Theology, Treatise 6, The Bridgewater Treatises
(London: William Pickering, 1837 [1836])
chapter 16|7 pages
John Ruskin, Letters Addressed to a College Friend 1840–1845
The Library Edition of John Ruskin's Works, 39 vols, Vol. 1: Early Prose Writings, 1903 [1894]
chapter 17|6 pages
Edward Hitchcock, The Religion of Geology and its Connected Sciences
(Boston: Phillips, Samson, and Co., 1854 [1851])
chapter 18|5 pages
Thomas Ewbank, The World a Workshop; Or, the Physical Relationship of Man to the earth
(New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1855)
part 3|92 pages
Geology
chapter 20|5 pages
James Hutton, ‘Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws Observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land Upon the Globe’
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1, 2, 209–304
chapter 22|3 pages
Sir Everard Home, ‘Some Account of the Fossil Remains of an Animal more Nearly Allied to Fishes than Any of the other Classes of Animals’
(Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1814)
chapter 24|2 pages
Rev. W.D. Conybeare, ‘On the Discovery of an Almost Perfect Skeleton of the Plesiosaurus’
Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 1823
chapter 25|8 pages
Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation, 3 Vols
(London: John Murray, 1830–3), Vol 1 (1830), Vol 2 (1832), Vol. 3 (1833)
chapter 26|4 pages
Etheldred Benett, A Catalogue of the Organic Remains of the County of Wilts
(Warminster: J.L. Vardy, 1831)
chapter 27|3 pages
Rev. William Buckland, Geology and Minerology with Reference to Natural Theology, Treatise 6, The Bridgewater Treatises
(London: William Pickering, 1837 [1836])
chapter 30|4 pages
Gideon Mantell, On the Pelorosaurus; An Undescribed Gigantic Terrestrial Reptile Whose Remains are Associated with those of the Iguanodon and other Saurians in the Strata of Tilgate Forest, In Sussex
(London: R. and J. E. Taylor, 1850)
chapter 31|13 pages
Philip Gosse, Creation (Omphalos): An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot
(London: J. Van Voorst, 1857)
chapter 32|11 pages
Hugh Miller, Testimony of the Rocks or Geology in its Bearing on the Two Theologies, Natural & Revealed
(Edinburgh: Thomas Constable & Co., 1857)
part 4|55 pages
Comparative Anatomy
chapter 33|6 pages
Xavier Bichat, General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Trans. George Hayward, 3 Vols., Vol. 1
(Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1822 [first published in French, 1801])
chapter 34|4 pages
Baron Georges Cuvier, Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, Vol. 1. On the Organs of Motion, Trans. William Ross
(London: T. N. Longman and O. Rees, 1802 [first published in French, 1800])
chapter 36|5 pages
Baron Georges Cuvier, The Animal Kingdom, Arranged After its Organisation, Forming a Natural History of Animals, and an Introduction to Comparative Anatomy, A New Edition with Additions by W.B. Carpenter
(London: M. S. Orr and Co, 1851 [first published in French, 1817])
chapter 39|5 pages
Richard Owen, Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals, Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1844 and 1846, Part I. Fishes
(London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1846)
chapter 40|3 pages
Richard Owen, On the Nature of Limbs: A Discourse Delivered on Friday, February 9 at an Evening Meeting of the Royal Institution of Great Britain
(London: John Van Voorst, 1849)
chapter 41|8 pages
Louis Agassiz, Twelve Lectures on Comparative Anatomy Delivered before the Lowell Institute in Boston, December and January 1848–9,, Edition Enlarged
(Boston: Redding & Co., 1849)
part 5|93 pages
Botany
chapter 43|3 pages
Gilbert White, The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, in the County of Southampton: With Engravings and an Appendix
(London: T. Bensley, 1789)
chapter 44|9 pages
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's Essay on the Metamorphosis of Plants, Translated by Emily M. Cox; With Explanatory Notes by Maxwell T. Masters
(reprinted from the Journal of Botany, December 1863) (np: J. E. Taylor, 1863 [1790])
chapter 45|5 pages
James Sowerby [And James Edward Smith], English Botany; Or, Coloured Figures of British Plants, Vol. 2: Resedacae to John T. Boswell Syme Sapindaceae, 3rd Ed., Ed. John T. Boswell Syme
(London: Robert Hardwicke, 1864 [1791])
chapter 46|6 pages
William Jackson Hooker, The British Flora; Comprising the Phænogamous, or Flowering Plants, and the Ferns
(London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, 1830)
chapter 47|3 pages
John Lindley, An Outline of the First Principles of Botany
(London: Longman & Co., 1830)
chapter 48|3 pages
Lady Katherine Sophia Kane, The Irish Flora; Comprising the Phænogamous Plants and Ferns
(Dublin: Hodges and Smith, and London: Longman, Rees and Co, 1833)
chapter 49|3 pages
George Luxford, A Flora of the Neighbourhood of Reigate, Surrey, Containing the Flowering Plants and Ferns
(London: John Van Voorst, 1838)
chapter 50|3 pages
Anna Worsley Russell, Catalogue of Plants Found in the Neighbourhood of Newbury
(npl: np, 1839)
chapter 51|4 pages
Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle Under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. from 1832 to 1836
(London: Henry Colburn, 1839)
chapter 52|11 pages
John Ruskin, ‘Of Truth of Vegetation’, The Library Edition of John Ruskin's Works, 39 Vols, Vol. 3 Modern Painters I, 1903
(London: George Allen, 1903–12)
chapter 53|5 pages
Joseph Dalton Hooker, Flora Antarctica: The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839–1843 Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross,, 3 Vols, Vol. 1. Botany of Lord Campbell's Island Auckland's Group and Campbell's Island
(London: Reeve Brothers, 1844)
chapter 54|5 pages
William Jackson Hooker (Ed.), Niger Flora; Or, an Enumeration of the Plants of Western Tropical Africa, Collected by the Late Dr Theodore Vogel, Botanist to the Voyage of the Expedition Sent by her Britannic Majesty to the River Niger in 1841
(London: Hippolyte Bailliere, 1849) To Captain Henry Dundas Trotter R.N. &c, &c., &c.
chapter 55|9 pages
Thomas Ewbank, The World a Workshop; Or, The Physical Relationship of Man to the Earth
(New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1855)
part 6|58 pages
Zoology
chapter 56|8 pages
Gilbert White, The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, in the County of Southampton: With Engravings and an Appendix
(London: T. Bensley, 1789)
chapter 58|3 pages
John Curtis, British Entomology; Being Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects Found in Great Britain and Ireland: Containing Coloured Figures from Nature of the Most Rare and Beautiful Species, and in Many Instances of the Plants upon which they are Found, Vol. I. Coleoptera
(London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, 1824)
chapter 59|8 pages
Andrew Pritchard, The Natural History of Animalcules: Containing Descriptions of All the Known Species of Infusoria; With Instructions for Procuring and Viewing Them, &C, &C., &C.
(London: Whittaker and Co, 1834)
chapter 60|6 pages
Charles Waterton, Essays in Natural History, Chiefly Ornithology, with an Autobiography of the Author and a View of Walton Hall
(London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, 1838)
chapter 61|3 pages
Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle Under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. From 1832 to 1836
(London: Henry Colburn, 1839)
chapter 62|8 pages
John Gould, An Introduction to the Birds of Australia
(London: Richard and John E. Taylor, 1848)
chapter 63|7 pages
Thomas Ewbank, The World a Workshop; Or, The Physical Relationship of Man to the Earth
(New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1855)
part 7|54 pages
‘New World’ Environments and Scientific Exploration
chapter 64|5 pages
Joseph Dalton Hooker (Ed.), Journal of the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks
(1896) (covering the voyages of HMS Endeavour, 1768–71)
chapter 65|6 pages
Carl Peter Thunberg, ‘The Cape’, Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia
(London: F. and C. Rivington, 1795)
chapter 66|4 pages
Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland, Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent During the Years 1799–1804, Vol. 3
(London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1818) [1814])
chapter 67|3 pages
Charles Waterton, ‘First Journey’, Wanderings in South America
(London: B. Fellowes, 1828) [1825])
chapter 68|3 pages
Charles Waterton, ‘Notes on the Habits of the Chegoe of Guiana, Better known by the Name of Jigger, and Instances of its Effects on Man and Dogs’, Essays in Natural History
(London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, 1838)
chapter 69|5 pages
Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle
(London: Henry Colburn, 1839)
chapter 70|6 pages
George Gardner, ‘Journey to and Residence in the Organ Mountains‘, Travels in the Interior of Brazil
(London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve, 1849)
chapter 71|7 pages
Sir William Jackson Hooker (Ed.), Niger Flora; Or, an Enumeration of the Plants of Western Tropical Africa, Collected by the Late Dr Theodore Vogel, Botanist to the Voyage of the Expedition Sent by her Britannic Majesty to the River Niger in 1841
(London: Hippolyte Bailliere, 1849)
part 8|73 pages
Demographics, Geography, and Biogeography
chapter 73|4 pages
Gilbert White, The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne
(London: T. Bensley, 1789)
chapter 75|3 pages
Alexander Von Humboldt, ‘On Steppes and Deserts’, Views of Nature
(London: Henry G. Bohn, 1850 [1808])
chapter 78|10 pages
Joseph Dalton Hooker, Flora Antarctica: The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839–1843 Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, 3 Vols, Vol. 1. Botany of Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell's Island
(London: Reeve Brothers, 1844)
chapter 79|3 pages
Alexander Von Humboldt, ‘The Geography of Plants and Animals’, Cosmos
(London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longman and John Murray, 1849) [1845])
chapter 80|4 pages
Wilhelm Wittich, ‘The Gulf Stream’, Curiosities of Physical Geography
(London: Charles Knight & Co., 1845)
chapter 81|4 pages
John Gould, An Introduction to the Birds of Australia
(London: Richard and John E. Taylor, 1848)
chapter 82|3 pages
Richard Francis Burton, ‘Malabar‘, Goa, and the Blue Mountains
(London: Richard Bentley, 1851)
chapter 84|2 pages
Arthur Henfrey, ‘Italy’, The Vegetation of Europe, its Conditions and Causes
(London: Van Voorst, 1852)
chapter 85|5 pages
Henry Thomas Buckle, ‘Influence Exercised by Physical Laws over the Organization of Society and over the Character of Individuals’, A History of Civilization in England
(London: John W. Parker and Son, 1857)
part 9|50 pages
Evolutionary thought Before Origin of Species
chapter 86|5 pages
Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia, or, the Laws of Organic Life, 2nd Corrected Ed., Vol. 1
(London: J. Johnson, 1796)
chapter 87|2 pages
Erasmus Darwin, ‘Production of Life’, The Temple of Nature; Or the Origin of Society
(London: T. Bensley, 1803)
chapter 88|5 pages
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy, or Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals: The Diversity of their Organisation and the Faculties which they Derive from it, Trans. Elliot Hugh Elliot
(London: Macmillan & Co., 1914 [first published in French 1809])
chapter 89|1 pages
Patrick Matthew, ‘Appendix: Note B’, On Naval Timber and Arboriculture
(London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1831)
chapter 90|5 pages
Charles Lyell, Principles Of Geology, being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation, 3 Vols, Vol. 2
(London: John Murray, 1830–3), Vol. 1 (1830), Vol. 2 (1832), Vol. 3 (1833)
chapter 91|4 pages
Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle Under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. From 1832 to 1836
(London: Henry Colburn, 1839)
chapter 92|2 pages
John Gould and Charles Darwin, ‘Fam. Coccothraustinæ’, Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, Vol. 3: Birds
(London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1841)
chapter 93|2 pages
[Robert Chambers], ‘Hypothesis of the Development of the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms’, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
(London: John Churchill, 1844)
chapter 94|2 pages
Thomas Monck Mason, Creation by the Immediate Agency of God, as Opposed to Creation by Natural Law; being a Refutation of the Work Entitled Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
(London: John W. Parker, 1845)
part 10|44 pages
Agricultural Science and Land Management
chapter 96|2 pages
Nicholas Turner, An Essay on Draining and Improving Peat bogs
(Chichester: Dennett Jacques, 1784)
chapter 97|1 pages
A Method of Raising Hops in Red Bogs, Published by Order of the Rt. Hon. the Dublin Society
(Graisberry & Campbell, 1800)
chapter 98|2 pages
An Essay on Peat or Turf, and on Turf and Wood Ashes, as a Manure
(Dublin: W. Sleater, 1800)
chapter 100|3 pages
Edward Powys, ‘On Feeding Cattle with Green Food’, Arthur Young (Ed.), Annals of Agriculture and other Useful Arts, 45 Vols (1785–1808), Vol. 45
(London: Richard Phillips, 1808)
chapter 101|3 pages
Arthur Young, General Report on Enclosures, Drawn up by Order of the Board of Agriculture
(London: B. McMillan, 1808)
chapter 102|3 pages
Henry Holland, General View of the Agriculture of Cheshire; with Observations Drawn up for the Consideration of the Board of Agriculture
(London: Richard Phillips, 1808)
chapter 104|3 pages
Joseph Hayward, On The Science of Agriculture, Comprising a Commentary on and Comparative Investigation of the Agricultural Chemistry of Mr Kirwan and Sir Humphry Davy
(London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1825)
chapter 106|5 pages
John Lauris Blake, Lessons in Modern Farming: Or, Agriculture for Schools, Containing Scientific Exercises for Recitation; and Elegant Extracts from Rural Literature for Academic or Family Reading
(New York: Newman and Ivison, 1852 [1851])
