ABSTRACT
On the basis of the suggestions of various contributors, this chapter summarizes the factors to be considered in the use of nondestructive biomarkers (NDB), reviewing the main methodological aspects associated with this technique. It discusses the difficulties associated with the conservative sampling of biological materials and the biomarker procedures applicable to the different samples. Conceptually a biomarker is the measure of a biological change that can be identified as the effect of chemical insult. An unusual feature of NDBs is the sampling strategy used to measure biological changes. The study of natural ecosystems should involve harmless and nonstressful sampling techniques for populations and communities. Environmental investigations using NDB require sampling methods that are essentially different from conventional methods. They must by definition be nondestructive and are the primary aspect that qualifies the whole method. The chapter also presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book.
