ABSTRACT
The monitoring of ground movements resulting from excavation and from creep-degradation of surrounding rock in rock engineering structures may be required for stability assessments and environmental safety. The permanent deformation of ground may be induced due to earthquake faulting, or creeping faults may also be monitored by the utilization of the drone-based and/or laser scanning techniques in a similar fashion to those described for previous structures. Direct techniques may involve inclinometers, extensometers of the mechanical or fiberoptic type, geodetic measurements or global positioning system (GPS) technique. Indirect methods may involve aerial photogrammetric methods or the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar method. Ground movements may be systematically measured using optical levelling devices. Geoelectric potential monitoring devices and electrodes are set up within the abandoned mine. The GPS surveys are carried out at stations using dual-frequency geodetic-type GPS receivers.
