ABSTRACT

This chapter explores the culture of the Reformation that inspired many and infuriated others. Challenges to the behavior of the Catholic church had a long history but their intensity increased as Luther and then a host of others articulated clear plans for reform not only in the church but in all of life. The stage, the off-spring of the church, became a force in articulating the call for reform and plays became the focus of controversy in many cities. Poems, prose literature, and all forms of artistic expression quickly joined in the debate. Astonishing works of art appealed to the general populace as traditional woodcuts were joined by engravings and etchings. Opponents of reform responded through censorship and persecution that created dangerous divisions within European society. The reform movements also caused problems for creative and independent minds. The part of the movement influenced by John Calvin opposed and often destroyed religious images and disliked the creative impulses found in literature and drama. Geneva became a symbol of repression for all to see and for some to emulate.