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Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
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Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics

Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics

ByHadumod Bussmann
Edition 1st Edition
First Published 1996
eBook Published 20 February 2006
Pub. location London
Imprint Routledge
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4324/9780203980057
Pages 560 pages
eBook ISBN 9781134630394
SubjectsLanguage & Literature
KeywordsTransformational Grammar, Articulatory Phonetics, Noun Phrases, Phrase Structure Rule, Generative Grammar
Get Citation

Get Citation

Bussmann, H., Kazzazi, K. (Ed.), Trauth, G. (Ed.). (1996). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203980057
ABOUT THIS BOOK

The Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics is a unique reference work for students and teachers of linguistics. The highly regarded second edition of the Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft by Hadumod Bussmann has been specifically adapted by a team of over thirty specialist linguists to form the most comprehensive and up-to-date work of its kind in the English language. In over 2,500 entries, the Dictionary provides an exhaustive survey of the key terminology and languages of more than 30 subdisciplines of linguistics. With its term-based approach and emphasis on clear analysis, it complements perfectly Routledge's established range of reference material in the field of linguistics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
chapter |2 pages
ablative absolute
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
absolute antonymy
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
absolute superlative degree absolutive
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
accusativization
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
acoustic analysis
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
acoustic phonetics
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
acrolect
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
active voice
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
adhortative [Lat. adhortativus ‘encouraging, urging on’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
adjunct [Lat. adiungere ‘to connect, to add’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
affiliation [MLat. affiliare ‘to adopt as a son,’ from Lat. ad+filius ‘son’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
African languages
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
Afrikaans
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
agnosia [Grk agnōsía ‘ignorance’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
AI artificial intelligence Ainu
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Akan Kwa Akkadian
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
Aktionsart (also manner of action)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
allegation [Lat. allegare ‘to send on an errand, to cite’] (also necessitation)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
alliteration [Lat. ad ‘to,’ littera ‘letter (of the alphabet)’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
alpha privativum [Lat. privativus ‘negative,’ from privare ‘to deprive’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
alphabetic writing system
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Alsea Penutian Altaic
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
alternation
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
alveolo-palatal lamino-palatal
chapter |1 pages
ambiguity
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
American English English American Sign Language (abbrev. ASL) sign language American structuralism (also post-Bloomfieldian linguistics)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
analogue communication
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
analphabetic phonetic transcription analytic language
View abstract
chapter |7 pages
Anatolian (also Hittito-Luvian)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
antonymy [Grk antí- ‘against,’ ónyma (=ónoma) ‘name’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
A-over-A principle
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
aphonia [Grk ‘sound, voice’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
apico-dental
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
apodosis protasis vs apodosis apokoinu [Grk apó koinoũ ‘from what is in common’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
apostrophe [Grk ‘a turning away’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
applicative
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
approximative system interlanguage apraxia [Grk ‘non-action’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
arbitrariness
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
archilexeme [Grk archí—‘main, chief,’ léxis ‘word’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Arc Pair Grammar relational grammar areal linguistics dialect geography argot
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
argument position
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
articulator (also articulatory organ)
chapter |4 pages
articulatory canal vocal tract articulatory organ articulator articulatory phonetics
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
aspects model (also aspects theory, standard theory)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
aspiration
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
association
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
athematic verb stem vowel ATN grammar augmented transition network grammar atomic concept semantic primitive atomic sentence
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
audio-lingual method [Lat. audire ‘to hear,’ lingua ‘tongue’] (also audio-lingualism)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
augmented transition network (ATN) grammar
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
a-umlaut breaking Australian languages
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Austroasian Austro-Asiatic Austro-Asiatic
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
automata theory automaton automatic translation machine-aided translation automaton [Grk autómatos ‘self-acting’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
autonomy
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
AUX auxiliary auxiliary [Lat. auxiliaris ‘giving aid’] (also AUX, helping verb)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Avar North-East Caucasian Avestan Iranian Avaro-Andi North-East-Caucasian axiom [Grk axíoma ‘worth, value’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
axiomatics of linguistics
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
back formation
View abstract
chapter |11 pages
Balto-Finnish Finno-Ugric Bambara Mande Bantoid Benue-Congo Bantu
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
bilateral implication equivalence, implication bilateral opposition opposition bilingualism [Lat. ‘two’, ‘tongue, language’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
biphonemic classification polyphonemic classification bisegmentalization
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Black English (also Black English vernacular)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Black English vernacular Black English blend (also amalgam, fusion, hybrid, telescoped word)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Bokmål Norwegian Boolean function
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
borrowing
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
box diagram
Box diagram
View abstract
chapter |7 pages
bracketing
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
cacophony [Grk kakophōnía ‘ill sound’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
calculus
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Cantonese Chinese capital vs small (also upper case vs lower case)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
cardinal number [Lat. cardinalis ‘that serves as a pivot’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
case grammar (also case theory, functional grammar)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Cassubian Kashubian Castillian Spanish casus rectus [Lat. rectus ‘straight’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Catalan
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
cataphor cataphora cataphora [Grk kataphorá ‘bringing down, downward motion’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
catchword
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
category symbol
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
causal clause
View abstract
chapter c|1 pages
command
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Celtiberian Celtic Celtic
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
centrifugal vs centripetal [Lat. fugare ‘to drive away’; petere ‘to aim at’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Chari-Nile languages
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
chart
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
Cheremis Finno-Ugric Cherokee Iroquoian chiasmus [Grk chiasmós ‘diagonal arrangement’ (after the Greek letter χ ‘chi’)] (also chiasm)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Chomsky hierarchy generative capacity Chukchi Paleo-Siberian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Paleo-Siberian chunk(ing)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
circonstant dependency grammar circumflex [Lat. circumflexus ‘in rounded form’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
class noun common noun classical Arabic Arabic classical Greek Greek classical Latin Latin classification
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
classifier
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
clinical linguistics
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
cluster
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
co-constituent
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
cognate object [Lat. cognatus ‘related by birth’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
cognitive linguistics (also cognitive psychology)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
cognitive psychology cognitive linguistics coherence [Lat. cohaerere ‘to stick together’]
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
cohesion
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
comma [Grk kómma ‘that which is cut off, piece’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
common noun (also class noun, generic noun, (nomen) appellativum)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
communicative competence
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
COMP position
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
comparative degree comparative clause
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
compensatory lengthening (also loss with compensatory lengthening)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
complement clause
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
complementary distribution
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
complementation and modification (also dependency, determination, operator-operand relation)
View abstract
chapter |7 pages
componential analysis (also semantic feature analysis)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
concatenation [Lat. catena ‘chain’]
chapter |1 pages
concrete noun [Lat. concretus ‘solid, dense’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
conditional implication implication conditional relevance
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
connecting vowel linking vowel connection
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
consonant [Lat. consonare ‘to sound together’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
consonantal vs non-consonantal
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
constellation [Lat. constellatio ‘position of the stars’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
content analysis
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
content-based instruction
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
content plane expression plane vs content plane content word autosemantic word context [Lat. contextus ‘an ordered scheme; the state of being joined’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
context-free rule
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
contextual implication implication contextualism Firthian linguistics contextualization
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
continuous progressive contoid vs vocoid [hybrid formation, from Lat. consonare ‘to sound together,’ and vocalis ‘sounding,’ with Grk eĩdos ‘form’]
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
contradiction
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
converseness converse relation conversion
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
copulative composition composition core grammar
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
core vocabulary basic vocabulary coreference anaphora coreferentiality
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
corpus [Lat. ‘body; collection of facts’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
correlational bundle
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
counterfactual sentence
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Cree Algonquian creole [‘European born in the West Indies,’ from Span. criollo ‘native’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
creolization creole crest nucleus
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
cross-reference anaphora Cross-River Benue-Congo languages crytotpe [Grk ‘crypt, vault,’ krýptein ‘to hide, to cover’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
cursive durative vs non-durative, imperfective vs perfective cursive writing [Lat. cursiva (littera) ‘running script’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Dardic
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dative [Lat. datum ‘given’; trans. of Grk ’case relating to the act of giving’]
chapter |1 pages
dative movement dative shift dative shift (also dative movement, dativization)
chapter |2 pages
dativization dative shift daughter dependency grammar dependency grammar, surface syntax daughter languages
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
declarative sentence
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
decompositum
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
deep structure (also underlying structure)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
default knowledge default reasoning default reasoning (also default knowledge)
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
deficit theory code theory definiendum definition definiens definition definite clause definite clause grammar definite clause grammar (abbrev. DCG)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
deglutination aphesis degree (also comparison, gradation)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
delimitative resultative delimitative function boundary marker demarcative feature boundary marker demonstrative pronoun
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
denotation [Lat. denotare ‘to mark, to indicate, to mean’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
dependent clause subordinate clause deponent verb [Lat. deponere ‘to put down, abandon’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
description set descriptive adequacy levels of adequacy descriptive grammar descriptive linguistics descriptive linguistics
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
descriptivity
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
designatum denotatum, referent
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
developmental apraxia apraxia developmental dyslexia (also dyslexia)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
diachrony
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dialect [Grk diálektos ‘common language’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
dialect dictionary
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
dialectic [Grk ‘discussion by question and answer’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
difference set difference hypothesis code theory differentia specifica definition diffuse compact vs diffuse digital [Lat. digitus ‘finger’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Dinka Chari-Nile languages diphthong [Grk díphthongos ‘with two sounds’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
direct method (also natural method)
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
directive
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
discourse particle discourse marker discourse representation structure discourse representation theory discourse representation theory
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
discovery procedure
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dislocation
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
dissimilation of aspirates Grassmann’s law distant assimilation assimilation distinctive [Lat. distinguere ‘to mark off as separate’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
distribution (also co-occurrence)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dittography
chapter |2 pages
domain extension
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
double-bind theory
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
DRS (discourse representation structure) discourse representation theory DRT discourse representation theory d-structure deep structure dual [Lat. dualis ‘relating to two persons or things’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dummy symbol
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Dutch
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dysfluency (also stammering, stuttering)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dysgrammatism agrammatism dyslalia [Grk lalía ‘talk, chat’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dysphasia developmental aphasia, developmental dysphasia dysphonia [Grk dysphōnía ‘roughness of sound’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
echo question
East Germanic Germanic East Ladinian Rhaeto-Romance East Sudan languages Chari-Nile languages Eblaite Semitic
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
echolalia[Grk ‘ringing sound’; laliaí ‘talk’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
ECM exceptional case marking ECP empty category principle ectosemantic sphere [Grk ektós ‘outside’; ‘sign’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
effective egressive, resultative
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
egocentric particular deictic expression egressive [Lat. egressus ‘the action of going out’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
elective mutism mutism element of style
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
elliptic form
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
emic etic vs emic analysis empathetic deixis empathy empathy [Grk empátheia ‘affection’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
emphatic
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
empty set set empty slot
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
encoding
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
Enga Papuan English
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
entailment implication enthymeme [Grk enthymázein ‘to ponder’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
enumeration set epenthesis [Grk ‘insertion’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
epiphora [Grk epiphorá ‘bringing to; repetition’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
epithesis [Grk ‘laying on’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Equatorial languages
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
equipollent opposition opposition equivalence (also biconditional, bilateral implication)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
equivalent distribution distribution equivocation
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
Eritreic Afro-Asiatic error analysis
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Estonian
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
ethnolinguistics (also neo-Humboldtianism)
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
Etruscan
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
exceptional case marking (abbrev. ECM)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
exclusion contact test exclusive disjunction
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
existential causative effected object existential operator operator existential presupposition presupposition existential proposition
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
existential quantifier operator exocentric compound bahuvrihi exocentric construction [Grk éxō ‘outside’] (also non-headed construction)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
experiencer case grammar experimental phonetics
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
expiratory accent stress accent explanatory adequacy levels of adequacy explicit derivation derivation explosive [Lat. explodere ‘to eject, to cast out’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
expression plane vs content plane
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
extensional definition extension extensional logic formal logic extensional reading attributive vs referential reading extraposition
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
extraposition grammar
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
extrinsic vs intrinsic ordering of rules [Lat. extrinsecus ‘from without’; intrinsecus ‘from within’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
factitive verb factitive factive factive predicate factive predicate (also factive)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
factivity factive predicate factorization
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
feature complex feature bundle feature structure
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
field work
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
figure of speech
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
finite verb form [Lat. finitus ‘bounded’] (also tensed form)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Firthian linguistics (also contextualism, London School)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
fixed stress stress
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
fluent aphasia aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia focus [Lat. focus ‘hearth, fireplace’] (also comment, psychological object, rheme)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
folk etymology
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Foreign Language Across the Curriculum content-based instruction foreign-language pedagogy
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
form
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
form association analogy form class
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
fossilization [Lat. fossilis ‘obtained by digging’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
frame
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
frame construction brace construction Franco-Provençal Romance languages Franglais
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
free alternation distribution free correlation distribution free stress stress
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
Fregean principle principle of compositionality Frege’s principle of meaning principle of compositionality French
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Friulian Rhaeto-Romance front vowel vowel fronting palatalization FUG Functional Unification Grammar FSA finite state automaton Fula (also Fulani)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Fulani Fula function (also mapping)
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
functional composition
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Functional Unification Grammar (abbrev. FUG)
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
functor logical connective Fur Nilo-Saharan fusion
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Gascon Occitan Gaulish Celtic GB theory Government and Binding theory Ge’ez (also Ethiopic)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
geminate [Lat. geminata ‘doubled’] (also double consonant, long consonant)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
general reading generic reading general semantics
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
generate [Lat. generare ‘to create’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
generative phonology phonology generative semantics
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
generic noun common noun generic reading (also general reading)
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
genitive
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Germanic
chapter |2 pages
Germanic law of spirants
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
glide
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
gloss
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
glottal stop
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
governing category
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
GPSG Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar gradable complementaries
View abstract
chapter |7 pages
gradual opposition opposition grammar [Grk grámma ‘letter’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
graph [Grk gráphein ‘to write’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Grassmann’s law (also dissimilation of aspirates)
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
Grecism Greek (also Hellenic)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
Guaymi Chibchan-Paezan Gujarati Indo-Aryan Gulf languages
View abstract
chapter |7 pages
Han’gul Korean hapax legomenon [Grk hápax legómenon ‘said once’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
heterography [Grk héteros ‘different,’ gráphein ‘to write’]
chapter |5 pages
hiatus [Lat. ‘an opening, crevice’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
Hiragana Japanese Hispano-Celtic Celtic historical grammars
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
Hittito-Luvian Anatolian Hokan
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
homonymy [Grk ónyma (=ónoma) ‘name’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
homophony [Grk ‘sound’]
chapter |3 pages
hortative adhortative HPSG Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar Hsiang Chinese Huamelultec Hokan Huastec Mayan Hungarian (also Magyar)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
hypercharacterization redundancy hypercorrection [Grk hypér ‘over’] (also hyperurbanism)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
hyperurbanism hypercorrection hypocoristic [Grk hypokoristikón ‘pet name’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Iberian Basque Ibero-Romance Romance languages Icelandic
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
ICM prototype icon [Grk ‘image, picture’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
idealized cognitive model prototype ideogram ideography ideograph [Grk ideĩn ‘to see,’ gráphein ‘to write’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
idiolect [Grk ídios ‘one’s own, personal,’ Léktos ‘chosen; expression word’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
idiomatic expression idiom idiomatics (also phraseology)
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
Ijo Kwa illative (Lat. illatus ‘brought in’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
imperfect [Lat. imperfectus ‘unfinished, incomplete’] (also past tense, preterite)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
impersonal construction
chapter |1 pages
implicational analysis (also implicational hierarchy, accessibility hierarchy)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
implicational hierarchy implicational analysis implicational universal hierarchy universal, universal implicative verb
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
implicit derivation derivation implosive [Lat. in ‘in,’ plaudere ‘to make a clapping sound’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
inclusion
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
indirect interrogative clause [Lat. interrogare ‘to ask’]
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
Indo-European (abbrev. IE; also Indo-Germanic)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
inference
chapter |1 pages
inferential
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
infinitive construction
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
INFL node
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
information
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Ingrian Finno-Ugric inherent semantic relation
chapter |1 pages
initiation airstream mechanism initive ingressive injection function injective [Lat. inicere ‘to throw in’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
inner derivation derivation I-now-here origo [Lat. origo ‘starting-point, origin’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
instrumental
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
instrumentative (also instrumentative verb)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
intended inference inference
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
intensional reading attributive vs referential reading intensional semantics intensional logic intensional verb
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
intentionality
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
interdental [Lat. inter ‘between,’ dens ‘tooth’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
interlude syllable internal inflection [Lat. internus ‘within, inside’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
internal reconstruction reconstruction interpolation [Lat. interpolatio ‘touching upon, altering’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
interpreting
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
interrupted vs continuant
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
intersection set set interview
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
intransitivity transitivity Inuit Eskimo-Aleut inversion [Lat. inversio ‘reversal of order’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
invited inference
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
irregular verb
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
isolated opposition opposition isolating language (also analytic language, root-isolating language)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
isomorphism [Grk ‘form, shape’]
View abstract
chapter |9 pages
isotopy [Grk ísos tópos ‘the same place’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Jukunoid Benue-Congo languages junction [Lat. iungere ‘to connect’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
juncture [Lat. iunctura ‘joint, link’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
juxtaposition [Lat. iuxta ‘close by,’ ponere ‘to place, set’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Kam Austro-Thai Kan-Hakka Chinese Kanji Japanese Kannada Dravidian, Marathi
Kabard North-West Caucasian Kadugli Niger-Kordofanian Kakchiquel Mayan languages Kalenjin Chari-Nile languages Austro-Thai
chapter |1 pages
Kanuri Saharan Karelian Finno-Ugric Kartvelian South Caucasian Kashmiri Dardic Kashubian (also Cassubian)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
Katakana Japanese Katharévusa Greek Kekchi Mayan languages keneme [Grk kenós ‘empty’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
kinship term
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
Kinyarwanda Bantu Kiowa Uto-Aztecan Klamath Penutian knowledge representation
View abstract
chapter L|2 pages
vs L
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
LAD language acquisition device Ladinian Rhaeto-Romance Lakhota Siouan Lako-Dargwa North-East Caucasian lambda operator operator laminal [Lat. lamina ‘a thin sheet’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
lamino-alveolar articulation lamino-dental interdental lamino-palatal
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chapter |2 pages
Landsmål Norwegian langage [Fr. ‘language’]
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chapter |4 pages
language acquisition
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chapter |3 pages
language and brain
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chapter |10 pages
language center language area language change
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chapter |1 pages
language manipulation
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chapter |3 pages
language mixing mixed language language obsolescence language death language of gestures body language, sign language language pedagogy [Grk paidagogia ‘instruction, training,’] (also language teaching)
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chapter |3 pages
language processing
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chapter |1 pages
language synthesis [Grk sýnthesis ‘putting together, combination’]
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chapter |1 pages
language teaching language pedagogy language test
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chapter |2 pages
language typology [Grk typós ‘model, pattern’]
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chapter |1 pages
langue d’oc French langue d’oïl French langue vs parole
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chapter |2 pages
Laotian Cam-Thai Lapp
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chapter |6 pages
Larzac Celtic lateral [Lat. lateralis ‘of/on the side of a body’]
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chapter |4 pages
law of three syllables law of three morae lax tense vs lax Laz South Caucasian lect [Grk léktos ‘chosen, picked out; word, expression’]
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chapter |2 pages
level I affix lexical phonology level II affix lexical phonology leveling analogy levels of adequacy
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chapter |6 pages
lexical decomposition
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chapter |1 pages
lexical insertion (rule) (also lexicon rule)
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chapter |6 pages
lexical phonology
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chapter |1 pages
lexicon rule lexical insertion (rule) lexicostatistics
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chapter |1 pages
Lezgian North-East Caucasian LFG Lexical-Functional Grammar liaison [Fr. ‘connection’]
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chapter |4 pages
linearity
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chapter |6 pages
linguistic determinism
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chapter |4 pages
linking vowel (also connecting vowel)
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chapter |3 pages
litotes [Grk lītótēs ‘plainness, simplicity’]
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chapter |5 pages
locution [Lat. locutio ‘the act of speaking, speech’]
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chapter |1 pages
Logudorese Sardinian London school Firthian linguistics long consonant geminate long-term memory memory long vs short
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chapter |2 pages
lowering breaking LP rule ID/LP format LTM (long-term memory) memory Luba Bantu LUG Lexical Unification Grammar Luo Chari-Nile languages Luvian Anatolian Lycian Anatolian Lydian Anatolian
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chapter |3 pages
machine-aided translation (also automatic translation, computer translation, machine translation)
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chapter |2 pages
Macro-Siouan Siouan macro speech act text function macrostructure
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chapter |1 pages
Maipuran Arawakan (major) constituent
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chapter |2 pages
malapropism [Fr. mal à propos ‘not to the purpose, inappropriate’]
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chapter |1 pages
Maltese Arabic, European languages Mam Mayan languages Manchu Tungusic Mandarin Chinese Mande
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chapter |5 pages
Manichean Iranian manner of action Aktionsart, aspect manner of articulation
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chapter |1 pages
masculine gender mass communication
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chapter |1 pages
mass noun
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chapter |1 pages
material implication implication material noun
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chapter |6 pages
mathematical logic formal logic matrix [Lat. matrix ‘parent tree’]
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chapter |1 pages
meaning postulate
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chapter |5 pages
media tenuis vs media median [Lat. medius ‘central, middle’]
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chapter |2 pages
mention vs use object language vs metalanguage Merina Malagasy mesolect acrolect Messapic Indo-European metachrony [Grk metá ‘between,’ chrónos ‘time’]
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chapter |4 pages
metalepsis
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chapter |2 pages
metrical phonology
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chapter |2 pages
Mien Miao-Yao mildly context-sensitive languages
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chapter |2 pages
mixed language
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chapter |1 pages
modal logic
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chapter |1 pages
modal subordination
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chapter |2 pages
model
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chapter |3 pages
modification [Lat. modificare ‘to measure correctly’]
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chapter |2 pages
Mohave Hokan Molala Penutian Mon Mon-Khmer moneme [Grk mónos ‘solitary, only’]
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chapter |1 pages
Mon-Khmer
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chapter |4 pages
monophthong [Grk monóphthongos ‘with one sound, single vowel’]
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chapter |2 pages
Mordva Finno-Ugric morph [Grk ‘form, shape’]
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chapter |1 pages
morphemics
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chapter |4 pages
morphological reanalysis analogy morphologization
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chapter |1 pages
Morse code alphabet
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chapter |3 pages
motor aphasia aphasia, Broca’s aphasia motor theory of speech perception
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chapter |1 pages
murmuring (also breathy voice)
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chapter |1 pages
mutation [Lat. mutatio ‘change’]
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chapter |2 pages
Mycenaean
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chapter |1 pages
Nahali language isolate Nahuati
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chapter |2 pages
narrative analysis [Lat. narrare ‘to relate, tell’]
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chapter |4 pages
nasalization nasal harmony Nashī Arabic national language
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chapter |1 pages
natural method direct method natural order hypothesis natural approach natural phonology
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chapter |5 pages
natural serialization word order Navaho Navajo Navajo (also Navaho)
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chapter |3 pages
neologistic paraphasia neologism, paraphasia Neo-South Arabic Semitic Nepali Indo-Aryan nesting
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chapter |3 pages
neuter [Lat. neuter ‘neither one nor the other’] gender neutral vowel schwa neutralization
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chapter |2 pages
Nilotic Chari-Nile languages Nivkh Paleo-Siberian node [Lat. nodus ‘knot’]
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chapter |4 pages
nomen appellativum common noun nomen proprium proper noun nominal noun phrase nominal aphasia aphasia nominal construction functional verb structure nominal definition definition nominal sentence
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chapter |2 pages
non-fluent aphasia aphasia, Broca’s aphasia non-headed construction exocentric construction non-kernel sentences
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chapter |6 pages
non-monotonic reasoning non-monotonic logic non-strident strident vs non-strident non-terminative telic vs atelic non-verbal communication [Lat. verbum ‘word’]
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chapter |6 pages
notion [Lat. notio ‘concept, idea’] (also concept)
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chapter |2 pages
Nuorese Sardinian Nynorck Norwegian
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chapter |1 pages
object language vs metalanguage
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chapter |2 pages
obligatory vs optional [Lat. obligatio ‘the state of being legally etc. liable,’ optio ‘choice’]
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chapter |2 pages
Ob-Ugric Finno-Ugric obviative proximate vs obviative occasional meaning connotation
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chapter |1 pages
Oceanic
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chapter |3 pages
off-glide on-glide vs off-glide Ojibwa Algonquian Okanogan Salishan Old Bulgarian Old Church Slavic Old Church Slavic (also Old Church Slavonic, Old Bulgarian)
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chapter |1 pages
Old Indic Sanskrit Old Irish Gaelic Old Persian Iranian Old Prussian
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chapter |2 pages
Old Slavic Old Church Slavic Old South Arabic Semitic Omotic
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chapter |2 pages
onomastics
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chapter |5 pages
onset syllable onset of voicing glottalization opacity constraint specified subject condition opaque context opaque vs transparent context opaque vs transparent context [Lat. opacus ‘shady, dark’]
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chapter |5 pages
optional obligatory vs optional oral [Lat. os, gen. oris ‘mouth’]
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chapter |1 pages
Ossete Iranian Ostyak Finno-Ugric Oto-Mangue
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chapter |3 pages
Otomi Oto-Mangue oxymoron [Grk oxymoron ‘pointedly foolish’]
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chapter |1 pages
palatophonia palatolalia Paleo-Siberian
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chapter |4 pages
palindrome [Grk palindrómos ‘running back again’]
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chapter |1 pages
paragrammatism [Grk pará ‘beside, along; in transgression of,’ grámma ‘writing’]
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chapter |3 pages
paralanguage paralinguistics, kinesics paralexeme
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chapter |3 pages
paraphrase
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chapter |4 pages
paroxytone
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chapter |1 pages
particle [Lat. particula ‘small part’] (also function/structural word)
chapter |1 pages
partonymy relation part-whole relation Pashto
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chapter |2 pages
passive articulator place of articulation
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chapter |1 pages
PATR-II PATR pattern drill pattern practice pattern practice (also pattern drill)
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chapter |1 pages
p-Celtic Celtic PDA push-down automaton peak nucleus
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chapter |1 pages
Pennsylvania Dutch
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chapter |1 pages
Penutian
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chapter |1 pages
perception theory
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chapter |1 pages
perfect
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chapter |1 pages
performative analysis
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chapter |1 pages
performative antinomy
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chapter |2 pages
performative verb
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chapter |2 pages
Permic Finno-Ugric permutation [Lat. permutare ‘to exchange’]
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chapter |3 pages
person
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chapter |1 pages
phatic act [Grk phátis ‘speech’]
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chapter |1 pages
philosophical grammar general grammar philosophy of language
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chapter |1 pages
Phoenician Semitic phonation [Grk ‘sound; voice’]
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chapter |1 pages
phoneme
chapter |1 pages
phoneme analysis
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chapter |1 pages
phoneme system
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chapter |1 pages
phonemic paraphasia aphasia, paraphasia phonemic script phonography
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chapter |1 pages
phonetic act
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chapter |1 pages
phonetic similarity phonetic relationship phonetic symbolism sound symbolism phonetic transcription
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chapter |1 pages
phonetics
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chapter |2 pages
phonogram phonography phonography
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chapter |4 pages
phonological transcription
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chapter |1 pages
phonotagmeme
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chapter |1 pages
phrase structure diagram tree diagram phrase structure grammar
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chapter |1 pages
phrase structure rules
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chapter |3 pages
phraseology idiomatics Phrygian Indo-European phylum language family pictogram pictography pictography [Lat. pictum ‘painted,’ Grk gráphein ‘to write’]
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chapter |1 pages
pitch accent (also musical accent)
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chapter |1 pages
place of articulation (also point of articulation)
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chapter |1 pages
plane
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chapter |1 pages
pleonasm [Grk pleonasmós ‘superabundance, excess’]
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chapter |2 pages
plexus [Lat. ‘intertwined’]
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chapter |1 pages
plural-only noun (also plurale tantum)
chapter |1 pages
Polish
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chapter |1 pages
politeness
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chapter |2 pages
Polynesian
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chapter |1 pages
polysyndeton
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chapter |3 pages
polysynthetic construction incorporating language, polysynthesis polysystemic phonology prosody Port Royal grammar
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chapter |1 pages
positive degree positivism Neogrammarians possessive compound bahuvrihi possessive pronoun
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chapter |1 pages
possible world
chapter |1 pages
Post-Bloomfieldian linguistics American structuralism, also distributionalism post-dorsal dorsal post-dorsal velar articulation posteriority [Lat. posterior ‘later’]
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chapter |6 pages
PP prepositional phrase pragmalinguistics [Grk ‘deed, act’]
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chapter |2 pages
predicative adjunct predicative complement predicative complement (also predicative adjunct)
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chapter |1 pages
prefixation
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chapter |2 pages
prepositional object (also oblique object)
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chapter |4 pages
present perfect perfect prespecifying vs postspecifying word order presupposition
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chapter |1 pages
primacy relation
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chapter |1 pages
primary stress stress
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chapter |2 pages
principle of compositionality (also Frege’s principle of meaning, Fregean principle)
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chapter |1 pages
principle of expressibility speech act theory principle of least effort Zipf’s law private language
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chapter |2 pages
privative opposition opposition PRO
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chapter |1 pages
prochievement test language test proclitic
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chapter |1 pages
pro-drop parameter
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chapter |1 pages
proficiency
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chapter |6 pages
programming language
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chapter |1 pages
pronominalization personal pronoun pronoun (also shift word)
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chapter |1 pages
proper name proper noun proper noun (also name, nomen proprium, proper name)
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chapter |4 pages
proportional analogy analogy proportional clause
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chapter |5 pages
prothesis [Grk prósthesis ‘addition’]
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chapter |1 pages
psychological object focus psychology of language psycholinguistics pulmonic [Lat. pulmo ‘lungs’]
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chapter |5 pages
punctual (also achievement)
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chapter |2 pages
quantifier raising raising quantitative ablaut ablaut quantitative linguistics statistical linguistics quantity
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chapter |3 pages
question
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chapter |2 pages
Rajasthani Indo-Aryan range function rapid speech vs slow speech
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chapter |1 pages
readjustment rule readjustment component real definition definition reanalysis
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chapter |1 pages
reasoning argumentation received pronunciation standard pronunciation receptive aphasia aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia recessive [Lat. recedere ‘to draw back, move away’] (also ergative verb or unaccusative)
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chapter |5 pages
recipient design
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chapter |1 pages
redundancy (also hypercharacterization)
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chapter |2 pages
reduplication
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chapter |1 pages
referential index
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chapter |3 pages
reflection theory
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chapter |4 pages
regressive assimilation assimilation regulative rule
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chapter |1 pages
relative adjective adjective relative clause
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chapter |3 pages
relative pronoun
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chapter |6 pages
resonance chamber
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chapter |1 pages
rhetorical question
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chapter |1 pages
rhinophonia [Grk , ‘sound, voice’]
chapter |2 pages
rising falling vs rising rising diphthong diphthong, intonation Ritwan Algonquian Romaji Japanese Romance languages
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chapter |4 pages
Romanian Rumanian Romanization transcription, transliteration Romany
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chapter |5 pages
rule inversion
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chapter |1 pages
S Sabir
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chapter |1 pages
Salish Salishan Salishan
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chapter |1 pages
Samoan Malayo-Polynesian Samoyedic Uralic San Khoisan Sandawe Khoisan sandhi [Old Indic ‘putting together’]
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chapter |2 pages
Sango Adamawa-Ubangi Sanskrit [Skt ‘put together; wellformed, refined, correct’]
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chapter |2 pages
Santali Munda Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (also linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity)
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chapter |2 pages
satellite phoneme [Lat. satelles ‘escort’]
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chapter |1 pages
schema
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chapter |1 pages
school grammar (also traditional grammar)
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chapter |1 pages
scope
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chapter |3 pages
script
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chapter |2 pages
second sound shift Old High German consonant shift secondary articulation
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chapter |1 pages
segmentation
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chapter |1 pages
selection restriction
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chapter |2 pages
semantic antinomy [Grk antinomía ‘conflict of laws’] (also semantic paradox)
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chapter |2 pages
semantic differential
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chapter |1 pages
semantic implication implication semantic network
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chapter |2 pages
semantic paradox semantic antinomy semantic paraphasia paraphasia semantic pathology
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chapter |4 pages
semantic role (also deep case, semantic relation, thematic relation) case grammar semantic triangle semiotic triangle semantics
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chapter |6 pages
semeology semiology semi-affix [Lat. semi- ‘half’]
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chapter |1 pages
semivowel
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chapter |2 pages
sensory aphasia aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia sensory information storage memory sentence
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chapter |2 pages
sentence mood
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chapter |8 pages
sentential
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chapter |1 pages
set phrase idiom set theory
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chapter |1 pages
shibilant
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chapter |6 pages
shuttering dysfluency Siamese Thai sibilant [Lat. sibilare ‘to make a hissing sound’]
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chapter |1 pages
signatum signifier vs signified signeme
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chapter |1 pages
simultaneity
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chapter |1 pages
singleton set singular
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chapter |7 pages
Sino-Tibetan
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chapter |2 pages
sociolect (also social dialect)
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chapter |1 pages
Black English, English, feminist linguistics, terminology Sogdian Iranian solecism [Grk soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language’]
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chapter |5 pages
Somali Cushitic sonant [Lat. sonare ‘to make a sound’]
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chapter |1 pages
sound image acoustic image sound law
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chapter |1 pages
sound physiology
chapter |5 pages
sound symbolism (also phonetic symbolism, synaesthesia)
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chapter |1 pages
specific vs non-specific reading
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chapter |8 pages
specifier modifier spectral analysis [Lat. spectrum ‘image’]
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chapter |1 pages
speech perception speech recognition speech production language produc-tion speech recognition
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chapter |1 pages
speech synthesis
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chapter |2 pages
spoken language
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chapter |2 pages
standard language
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chapter |1 pages
statal verb stative vs active statement (also assertion)
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chapter |1 pages
stative verb
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chapter |1 pages
steady-state sounds vs transitional sounds
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chapter |2 pages
stereotype [Grk stereos ‘firm, solid,’ typós ‘form, shape, image’]
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chapter |1 pages
STM (short-term memory) memory stochastic grammar
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chapter |2 pages
story grammar
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chapter |2 pages
stress
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chapter |2 pages
strict implication implication strident vs mellow strident vs non-strident strident vs non-strident [Lat. stridere ‘to make a high-pitched sound’] (also strident vs mellow)
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chapter |13 pages
structural analysis
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chapter |1 pages
subordinator complementizer subset set substance
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chapter |1 pages
substitution
chapter |3 pages
substitution theory
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chapter |1 pages
superlative [Lat. superlativum, from super-ferre ‘to carry to a higher degree’]
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chapter |1 pages
superstructure
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chapter |2 pages
suprasegmental feature (also prosodic feature)
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chapter |2 pages
Svan South Caucasian svarabhakti [Old Indic ‘vowel part’]
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chapter |2 pages
syllabary syllabic law
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chapter |1 pages
syllepsis zeugma syllogism [Grk syllogismós ‘computation, calculation’]
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chapter |2 pages
symbol field of language
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chapter |1 pages
synaesthesia sound symbolism synaloepha [Grk ‘stopping of a hiatus, coalescing’]
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chapter |1 pages
syncategorematic word synsemantic word synchrony vs diachrony [Grk chrónos ‘time’]
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chapter |1 pages
syncope [Grk ‘cutting off’]
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chapter |1 pages
synecdoche [Grk ‘understanding one thing with another’]
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chapter |2 pages
synonym [Grk ónyma ‘name’]
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chapter |3 pages
synsemantic field of language [Grk ‘sign’]
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chapter |2 pages
syntagmatic substitution
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chapter |3 pages
References
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
tachysphemia cluttering tactile agnosia agnosia tag question (also question tag)
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chapter |2 pages
tagmatics tagmeme
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chapter |2 pages
Takelma-Kalapuyan Penutian Tamashek Berber Tamil
chapter |2 pages
Tarskian semantics model-theoretic semantics tautology [Grk tautologeĩn ‘to repeat what has been said’]
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chapter |1 pages
telescoped word blend telic vs atelic [Grk télos ‘completion, end’] (also aterminative/non-terminative vs terminative, bounded vs non-bounded)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
temporal clause [Lat. tempus ‘time’]
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chapter 10|2 pages
sed form finite verb form tensed-S-condition propositional island constraint tenuis vs media [Lat. tenuis ‘thin,’ medius ‘middle’]
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chapter |1 pages
text [Lat. textus ‘piece of plaited work; fabric’]
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chapter |1 pages
text analysis
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chapter |1 pages
text criticism
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chapter |2 pages
text generation
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chapter |2 pages
text theme
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chapter |5 pages
textology text theory textphoric [Grk phóras from phérein ‘to carry’]
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chapter |2 pages
theta criterion [abbrev. θ-criterion]
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chapter |1 pages
Tigre Semitic Tigrinya Ge’ez, Semitic tilde [Lat. titulus ‘title’]
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chapter |2 pages
Tlingit Na-Dené tmesis
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chapter |1 pages
token reflexive word deictic expression tonal accent pitch accent tonal language
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chapter |1 pages
toneme tone Tongan Malayo-Polynesian tonology
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chapter |2 pages
topic-prominent language topic vs comment topic vs comment (also topic vs predication)
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chapter |7 pages
topic vs predication topic vs comment topicalization
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chapter |5 pages
transformational cycle
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chapter |1 pages
transformational rule transformation transformative (also verb of change)
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chapter |3 pages
transitional competence interlanguage transitional sound steady-state sound vs transitional sound transitive relation
chapter |1 pages
translative
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chapter |2 pages
transparent context opaque vs transparent context transphrastic analysis
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chapter |9 pages
tree-pruning convention
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chapter |2 pages
Twi-Fante Kwa twin formula
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chapter |2 pages
Ukrainian
Ubangi Adamawa-Ubangi Ubykh North-West Caucasian Udmurt Finno-Ugric Ugaritic Semitic Ugric Finno-Ugric
View abstract
chapter |7 pages
umlaut (also vowel mutation)
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chapter |2 pages
unilateral implication implication union set set unique morpheme pseudomorpheme, semi-morpheme unitary base hypothesis
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chapter |5 pages
universal grammar
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chapter |1 pages
utterance
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chapter |1 pages
uvular
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chapter |2 pages
vagueness
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chapter |1 pages
Valencian Catalan valency valence value bundle feature
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chapter |1 pages
variable variability variable rule
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chapter |3 pages
variational linguistics
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chapter |1 pages
Veps Finno-Ugric verb [Lat. verbum ‘word’; translation of Grk ‘that which is said; predicate’]
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chapter |1 pages
verb of change transformative verb phrase (abbrev. VP)
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chapter |2 pages
verbal adjective gerundive verbal agnosia agnosia verbal apraxia apraxia verbum substentium
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chapter |2 pages
vibrant (also trill)
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chapter |3 pages
vocal cords [Lat. vocalis ‘producing a sound’]
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chapter |1 pages
voice mutation breaking voice onset time glottalization voiced vs voiceless
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chapter |1 pages
voicing assimilation assimilation Volapük
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chapter |3 pages
Voltaic Gur Vot Finno-Ugric vowel [Lat. vocalis (sc. littera)]
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chapter |2 pages
vowel gradation ablaut vowel harmony
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chapter |1 pages
Wappo Gulf languages Warlpiri Australian languages Washo Hokan wave theory
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chapter |2 pages
weakening
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chapter |1 pages
Wernicke’s aphasia
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chapter |1 pages
West Atlantic
chapter |1 pages
wh-movement
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chapter |3 pages
wh-word interrogative pronoun, wh-question White Russian Belorussian Winutian Penutian Wiyot Algonquian Wolof West Atlantic word
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chapter |5 pages
word form
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chapter |2 pages
word stress stress word structure
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chapter |1 pages
written language
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chapter X|4 pages
bar theory (also X-bar syntax)
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chapter |1 pages
Yucatec Mayan languages Yue Chinese Yuit Eskimo-Aleut Yukagir Paleo-Siberian, Uralic Yuki Gulf languages Yukic-Gulf Gulf languages
chapter |2 pages
Yuman Hokan Yuorok Algonquian Yupik Eskimo-Aleut
chapter |1 pages
zeugma [Grk zeũgma ‘bond’]
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chapter |1 pages
zoosemiotics [Grk ‘living being, animal’]
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The Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics is a unique reference work for students and teachers of linguistics. The highly regarded second edition of the Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft by Hadumod Bussmann has been specifically adapted by a team of over thirty specialist linguists to form the most comprehensive and up-to-date work of its kind in the English language. In over 2,500 entries, the Dictionary provides an exhaustive survey of the key terminology and languages of more than 30 subdisciplines of linguistics. With its term-based approach and emphasis on clear analysis, it complements perfectly Routledge's established range of reference material in the field of linguistics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
chapter |2 pages
ablative absolute
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
absolute antonymy
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chapter |4 pages
absolute superlative degree absolutive
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
accusativization
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chapter |1 pages
acoustic analysis
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
acoustic phonetics
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chapter |3 pages
acrolect
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chapter |2 pages
active voice
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
adhortative [Lat. adhortativus ‘encouraging, urging on’]
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chapter |4 pages
adjunct [Lat. adiungere ‘to connect, to add’]
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chapter |2 pages
affiliation [MLat. affiliare ‘to adopt as a son,’ from Lat. ad+filius ‘son’]
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chapter |1 pages
African languages
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chapter |3 pages
Afrikaans
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chapter |3 pages
agnosia [Grk agnōsía ‘ignorance’]
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chapter |1 pages
AI artificial intelligence Ainu
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chapter |1 pages
Akan Kwa Akkadian
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chapter |5 pages
Aktionsart (also manner of action)
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chapter |1 pages
allegation [Lat. allegare ‘to send on an errand, to cite’] (also necessitation)
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chapter |3 pages
alliteration [Lat. ad ‘to,’ littera ‘letter (of the alphabet)’]
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chapter |1 pages
alpha privativum [Lat. privativus ‘negative,’ from privare ‘to deprive’]
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chapter |1 pages
alphabetic writing system
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chapter |1 pages
Alsea Penutian Altaic
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chapter |1 pages
alternation
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chapter |1 pages
alveolo-palatal lamino-palatal
chapter |1 pages
ambiguity
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chapter |4 pages
American English English American Sign Language (abbrev. ASL) sign language American structuralism (also post-Bloomfieldian linguistics)
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chapter |2 pages
analogue communication
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chapter |4 pages
analphabetic phonetic transcription analytic language
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chapter |7 pages
Anatolian (also Hittito-Luvian)
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chapter |1 pages
antonymy [Grk antí- ‘against,’ ónyma (=ónoma) ‘name’]
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chapter |3 pages
A-over-A principle
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chapter |1 pages
aphonia [Grk ‘sound, voice’]
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chapter |1 pages
apico-dental
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chapter |1 pages
apodosis protasis vs apodosis apokoinu [Grk apó koinoũ ‘from what is in common’]
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chapter |2 pages
apostrophe [Grk ‘a turning away’]
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chapter |2 pages
applicative
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chapter |4 pages
approximative system interlanguage apraxia [Grk ‘non-action’]
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chapter |1 pages
arbitrariness
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chapter |1 pages
archilexeme [Grk archí—‘main, chief,’ léxis ‘word’]
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chapter |2 pages
Arc Pair Grammar relational grammar areal linguistics dialect geography argot
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chapter |6 pages
argument position
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chapter |1 pages
articulator (also articulatory organ)
chapter |4 pages
articulatory canal vocal tract articulatory organ articulator articulatory phonetics
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chapter |1 pages
aspects model (also aspects theory, standard theory)
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chapter |2 pages
aspiration
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chapter |2 pages
association
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chapter |2 pages
athematic verb stem vowel ATN grammar augmented transition network grammar atomic concept semantic primitive atomic sentence
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chapter |2 pages
audio-lingual method [Lat. audire ‘to hear,’ lingua ‘tongue’] (also audio-lingualism)
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chapter |1 pages
augmented transition network (ATN) grammar
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chapter |1 pages
a-umlaut breaking Australian languages
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chapter |2 pages
Austroasian Austro-Asiatic Austro-Asiatic
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chapter |1 pages
automata theory automaton automatic translation machine-aided translation automaton [Grk autómatos ‘self-acting’]
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chapter |1 pages
autonomy
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chapter |1 pages
AUX auxiliary auxiliary [Lat. auxiliaris ‘giving aid’] (also AUX, helping verb)
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chapter |1 pages
Avar North-East Caucasian Avestan Iranian Avaro-Andi North-East-Caucasian axiom [Grk axíoma ‘worth, value’]
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chapter |2 pages
axiomatics of linguistics
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chapter |2 pages
back formation
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chapter |11 pages
Balto-Finnish Finno-Ugric Bambara Mande Bantoid Benue-Congo Bantu
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chapter |4 pages
bilateral implication equivalence, implication bilateral opposition opposition bilingualism [Lat. ‘two’, ‘tongue, language’]
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chapter |2 pages
biphonemic classification polyphonemic classification bisegmentalization
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chapter |1 pages
Black English (also Black English vernacular)
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chapter |1 pages
Black English vernacular Black English blend (also amalgam, fusion, hybrid, telescoped word)
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chapter |1 pages
Bokmål Norwegian Boolean function
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chapter |2 pages
borrowing
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chapter |2 pages
box diagram
Box diagram
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chapter |7 pages
bracketing
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chapter |1 pages
cacophony [Grk kakophōnía ‘ill sound’]
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chapter |2 pages
calculus
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chapter |1 pages
Cantonese Chinese capital vs small (also upper case vs lower case)
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chapter |3 pages
cardinal number [Lat. cardinalis ‘that serves as a pivot’]
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chapter |3 pages
case grammar (also case theory, functional grammar)
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chapter |1 pages
Cassubian Kashubian Castillian Spanish casus rectus [Lat. rectus ‘straight’]
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chapter |1 pages
Catalan
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chapter |1 pages
cataphor cataphora cataphora [Grk kataphorá ‘bringing down, downward motion’]
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chapter |4 pages
catchword
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chapter |1 pages
category symbol
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chapter |1 pages
causal clause
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chapter c|1 pages
command
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chapter |2 pages
Celtiberian Celtic Celtic
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chapter |3 pages
centrifugal vs centripetal [Lat. fugare ‘to drive away’; petere ‘to aim at’]
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chapter |1 pages
Chari-Nile languages
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chapter |1 pages
chart
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chapter |4 pages
Cheremis Finno-Ugric Cherokee Iroquoian chiasmus [Grk chiasmós ‘diagonal arrangement’ (after the Greek letter χ ‘chi’)] (also chiasm)
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chapter |1 pages
Chomsky hierarchy generative capacity Chukchi Paleo-Siberian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Paleo-Siberian chunk(ing)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
circonstant dependency grammar circumflex [Lat. circumflexus ‘in rounded form’]
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chapter |2 pages
class noun common noun classical Arabic Arabic classical Greek Greek classical Latin Latin classification
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chapter |4 pages
classifier
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chapter |2 pages
clinical linguistics
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chapter |2 pages
cluster
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chapter |3 pages
co-constituent
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chapter |1 pages
cognate object [Lat. cognatus ‘related by birth’]
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chapter |1 pages
cognitive linguistics (also cognitive psychology)
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chapter |1 pages
cognitive psychology cognitive linguistics coherence [Lat. cohaerere ‘to stick together’]
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chapter |5 pages
cohesion
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chapter |1 pages
comma [Grk kómma ‘that which is cut off, piece’]
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chapter |3 pages
common noun (also class noun, generic noun, (nomen) appellativum)
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chapter |1 pages
communicative competence
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chapter |1 pages
COMP position
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chapter |2 pages
comparative degree comparative clause
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chapter |2 pages
compensatory lengthening (also loss with compensatory lengthening)
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chapter |1 pages
complement clause
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chapter |1 pages
complementary distribution
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chapter |3 pages
complementation and modification (also dependency, determination, operator-operand relation)
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chapter |7 pages
componential analysis (also semantic feature analysis)
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chapter |2 pages
concatenation [Lat. catena ‘chain’]
chapter |1 pages
concrete noun [Lat. concretus ‘solid, dense’]
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chapter |4 pages
conditional implication implication conditional relevance
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chapter |4 pages
connecting vowel linking vowel connection
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chapter |1 pages
consonant [Lat. consonare ‘to sound together’]
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chapter |1 pages
consonantal vs non-consonantal
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chapter |4 pages
constellation [Lat. constellatio ‘position of the stars’]
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chapter |1 pages
content analysis
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chapter |1 pages
content-based instruction
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chapter |1 pages
content plane expression plane vs content plane content word autosemantic word context [Lat. contextus ‘an ordered scheme; the state of being joined’]
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chapter |1 pages
context-free rule
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chapter |2 pages
contextual implication implication contextualism Firthian linguistics contextualization
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chapter |1 pages
continuous progressive contoid vs vocoid [hybrid formation, from Lat. consonare ‘to sound together,’ and vocalis ‘sounding,’ with Grk eĩdos ‘form’]
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chapter |5 pages
contradiction
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chapter |3 pages
converseness converse relation conversion
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chapter |1 pages
copulative composition composition core grammar
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chapter |1 pages
core vocabulary basic vocabulary coreference anaphora coreferentiality
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chapter |1 pages
corpus [Lat. ‘body; collection of facts’]
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chapter |1 pages
correlational bundle
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chapter |2 pages
counterfactual sentence
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chapter |2 pages
Cree Algonquian creole [‘European born in the West Indies,’ from Span. criollo ‘native’]
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chapter |1 pages
creolization creole crest nucleus
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chapter |1 pages
cross-reference anaphora Cross-River Benue-Congo languages crytotpe [Grk ‘crypt, vault,’ krýptein ‘to hide, to cover’]
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chapter |4 pages
cursive durative vs non-durative, imperfective vs perfective cursive writing [Lat. cursiva (littera) ‘running script’]
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chapter |1 pages
Dardic
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chapter |1 pages
dative [Lat. datum ‘given’; trans. of Grk ’case relating to the act of giving’]
chapter |1 pages
dative movement dative shift dative shift (also dative movement, dativization)
chapter |2 pages
dativization dative shift daughter dependency grammar dependency grammar, surface syntax daughter languages
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chapter |1 pages
declarative sentence
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chapter |1 pages
decompositum
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chapter |1 pages
deep structure (also underlying structure)
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chapter |1 pages
default knowledge default reasoning default reasoning (also default knowledge)
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chapter |4 pages
deficit theory code theory definiendum definition definiens definition definite clause definite clause grammar definite clause grammar (abbrev. DCG)
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chapter |3 pages
deglutination aphesis degree (also comparison, gradation)
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chapter |1 pages
delimitative resultative delimitative function boundary marker demarcative feature boundary marker demonstrative pronoun
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
denotation [Lat. denotare ‘to mark, to indicate, to mean’]
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chapter |2 pages
dependent clause subordinate clause deponent verb [Lat. deponere ‘to put down, abandon’]
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chapter |1 pages
description set descriptive adequacy levels of adequacy descriptive grammar descriptive linguistics descriptive linguistics
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chapter |1 pages
descriptivity
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chapter |3 pages
designatum denotatum, referent
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chapter |4 pages
developmental apraxia apraxia developmental dyslexia (also dyslexia)
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chapter |2 pages
diachrony
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chapter |1 pages
dialect [Grk diálektos ‘common language’]
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chapter |2 pages
dialect dictionary
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chapter |3 pages
dialectic [Grk ‘discussion by question and answer’]
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chapter |3 pages
difference set difference hypothesis code theory differentia specifica definition diffuse compact vs diffuse digital [Lat. digitus ‘finger’]
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chapter |1 pages
Dinka Chari-Nile languages diphthong [Grk díphthongos ‘with two sounds’]
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chapter |2 pages
direct method (also natural method)
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chapter |5 pages
directive
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chapter |1 pages
discourse particle discourse marker discourse representation structure discourse representation theory discourse representation theory
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chapter |3 pages
discovery procedure
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chapter |1 pages
dislocation
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chapter |2 pages
dissimilation of aspirates Grassmann’s law distant assimilation assimilation distinctive [Lat. distinguere ‘to mark off as separate’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
distribution (also co-occurrence)
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chapter |1 pages
dittography
chapter |2 pages
domain extension
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chapter |4 pages
double-bind theory
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chapter |1 pages
DRS (discourse representation structure) discourse representation theory DRT discourse representation theory d-structure deep structure dual [Lat. dualis ‘relating to two persons or things’]
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chapter |1 pages
dummy symbol
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chapter |2 pages
Dutch
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chapter |1 pages
dysfluency (also stammering, stuttering)
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chapter |1 pages
dysgrammatism agrammatism dyslalia [Grk lalía ‘talk, chat’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
dysphasia developmental aphasia, developmental dysphasia dysphonia [Grk dysphōnía ‘roughness of sound’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
echo question
East Germanic Germanic East Ladinian Rhaeto-Romance East Sudan languages Chari-Nile languages Eblaite Semitic
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
echolalia[Grk ‘ringing sound’; laliaí ‘talk’]
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chapter |1 pages
ECM exceptional case marking ECP empty category principle ectosemantic sphere [Grk ektós ‘outside’; ‘sign’]
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chapter |1 pages
effective egressive, resultative
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chapter |3 pages
egocentric particular deictic expression egressive [Lat. egressus ‘the action of going out’]
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chapter |2 pages
elective mutism mutism element of style
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chapter |1 pages
elliptic form
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chapter |1 pages
emic etic vs emic analysis empathetic deixis empathy empathy [Grk empátheia ‘affection’]
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chapter |2 pages
emphatic
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chapter |2 pages
empty set set empty slot
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chapter |2 pages
encoding
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chapter |4 pages
Enga Papuan English
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chapter |1 pages
entailment implication enthymeme [Grk enthymázein ‘to ponder’]
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chapter |1 pages
enumeration set epenthesis [Grk ‘insertion’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
epiphora [Grk epiphorá ‘bringing to; repetition’]
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chapter |1 pages
epithesis [Grk ‘laying on’]
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chapter |1 pages
Equatorial languages
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chapter |1 pages
equipollent opposition opposition equivalence (also biconditional, bilateral implication)
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chapter |3 pages
equivalent distribution distribution equivocation
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chapter |3 pages
Eritreic Afro-Asiatic error analysis
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chapter |2 pages
Estonian
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chapter |2 pages
ethnolinguistics (also neo-Humboldtianism)
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chapter |6 pages
Etruscan
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chapter |1 pages
exceptional case marking (abbrev. ECM)
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chapter |1 pages
exclusion contact test exclusive disjunction
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chapter |1 pages
existential causative effected object existential operator operator existential presupposition presupposition existential proposition
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chapter |1 pages
existential quantifier operator exocentric compound bahuvrihi exocentric construction [Grk éxō ‘outside’] (also non-headed construction)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
experiencer case grammar experimental phonetics
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chapter |1 pages
expiratory accent stress accent explanatory adequacy levels of adequacy explicit derivation derivation explosive [Lat. explodere ‘to eject, to cast out’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
expression plane vs content plane
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
extensional definition extension extensional logic formal logic extensional reading attributive vs referential reading extraposition
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
extraposition grammar
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chapter |2 pages
extrinsic vs intrinsic ordering of rules [Lat. extrinsecus ‘from without’; intrinsecus ‘from within’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
factitive verb factitive factive factive predicate factive predicate (also factive)
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chapter |3 pages
factivity factive predicate factorization
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chapter |2 pages
feature complex feature bundle feature structure
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chapter |1 pages
field work
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chapter |3 pages
figure of speech
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chapter |2 pages
finite verb form [Lat. finitus ‘bounded’] (also tensed form)
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chapter |1 pages
Firthian linguistics (also contextualism, London School)
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chapter |1 pages
fixed stress stress
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chapter |1 pages
fluent aphasia aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia focus [Lat. focus ‘hearth, fireplace’] (also comment, psychological object, rheme)
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chapter |1 pages
folk etymology
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chapter |2 pages
Foreign Language Across the Curriculum content-based instruction foreign-language pedagogy
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chapter |1 pages
form
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chapter |5 pages
form association analogy form class
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chapter |1 pages
fossilization [Lat. fossilis ‘obtained by digging’]
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chapter |1 pages
frame
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chapter |1 pages
frame construction brace construction Franco-Provençal Romance languages Franglais
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chapter |1 pages
free alternation distribution free correlation distribution free stress stress
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chapter |5 pages
Fregean principle principle of compositionality Frege’s principle of meaning principle of compositionality French
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chapter |1 pages
Friulian Rhaeto-Romance front vowel vowel fronting palatalization FUG Functional Unification Grammar FSA finite state automaton Fula (also Fulani)
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chapter |2 pages
Fulani Fula function (also mapping)
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chapter |4 pages
functional composition
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chapter |2 pages
Functional Unification Grammar (abbrev. FUG)
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chapter |5 pages
functor logical connective Fur Nilo-Saharan fusion
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chapter |1 pages
Gascon Occitan Gaulish Celtic GB theory Government and Binding theory Ge’ez (also Ethiopic)
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chapter |3 pages
geminate [Lat. geminata ‘doubled’] (also double consonant, long consonant)
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chapter |2 pages
general reading generic reading general semantics
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chapter |1 pages
generate [Lat. generare ‘to create’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
generative phonology phonology generative semantics
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chapter |2 pages
generic noun common noun generic reading (also general reading)
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
genitive
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chapter |2 pages
Germanic
chapter |2 pages
Germanic law of spirants
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
glide
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chapter |3 pages
gloss
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chapter |4 pages
glottal stop
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
governing category
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chapter |1 pages
GPSG Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar gradable complementaries
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chapter |7 pages
gradual opposition opposition grammar [Grk grámma ‘letter’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
graph [Grk gráphein ‘to write’]
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chapter |2 pages
Grassmann’s law (also dissimilation of aspirates)
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chapter |4 pages
Grecism Greek (also Hellenic)
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chapter |3 pages
Guaymi Chibchan-Paezan Gujarati Indo-Aryan Gulf languages
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chapter |7 pages
Han’gul Korean hapax legomenon [Grk hápax legómenon ‘said once’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
heterography [Grk héteros ‘different,’ gráphein ‘to write’]
chapter |5 pages
hiatus [Lat. ‘an opening, crevice’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
Hiragana Japanese Hispano-Celtic Celtic historical grammars
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chapter |3 pages
Hittito-Luvian Anatolian Hokan
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
homonymy [Grk ónyma (=ónoma) ‘name’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
homophony [Grk ‘sound’]
chapter |3 pages
hortative adhortative HPSG Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar Hsiang Chinese Huamelultec Hokan Huastec Mayan Hungarian (also Magyar)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
hypercharacterization redundancy hypercorrection [Grk hypér ‘over’] (also hyperurbanism)
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chapter |2 pages
hyperurbanism hypercorrection hypocoristic [Grk hypokoristikón ‘pet name’]
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chapter |1 pages
Iberian Basque Ibero-Romance Romance languages Icelandic
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chapter |2 pages
ICM prototype icon [Grk ‘image, picture’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
idealized cognitive model prototype ideogram ideography ideograph [Grk ideĩn ‘to see,’ gráphein ‘to write’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
idiolect [Grk ídios ‘one’s own, personal,’ Léktos ‘chosen; expression word’]
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chapter |3 pages
idiomatic expression idiom idiomatics (also phraseology)
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
Ijo Kwa illative (Lat. illatus ‘brought in’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
imperfect [Lat. imperfectus ‘unfinished, incomplete’] (also past tense, preterite)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
impersonal construction
chapter |1 pages
implicational analysis (also implicational hierarchy, accessibility hierarchy)
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
implicational hierarchy implicational analysis implicational universal hierarchy universal, universal implicative verb
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
implicit derivation derivation implosive [Lat. in ‘in,’ plaudere ‘to make a clapping sound’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
inclusion
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chapter |4 pages
indirect interrogative clause [Lat. interrogare ‘to ask’]
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
Indo-European (abbrev. IE; also Indo-Germanic)
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chapter |1 pages
inference
chapter |1 pages
inferential
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chapter |1 pages
infinitive construction
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chapter |2 pages
INFL node
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
information
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chapter |2 pages
Ingrian Finno-Ugric inherent semantic relation
chapter |1 pages
initiation airstream mechanism initive ingressive injection function injective [Lat. inicere ‘to throw in’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
inner derivation derivation I-now-here origo [Lat. origo ‘starting-point, origin’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
instrumental
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
instrumentative (also instrumentative verb)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
intended inference inference
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
intensional reading attributive vs referential reading intensional semantics intensional logic intensional verb
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
intentionality
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
interdental [Lat. inter ‘between,’ dens ‘tooth’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
interlude syllable internal inflection [Lat. internus ‘within, inside’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
internal reconstruction reconstruction interpolation [Lat. interpolatio ‘touching upon, altering’]
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
interpreting
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
interrupted vs continuant
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
intersection set set interview
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
intransitivity transitivity Inuit Eskimo-Aleut inversion [Lat. inversio ‘reversal of order’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
invited inference
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
irregular verb
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
isolated opposition opposition isolating language (also analytic language, root-isolating language)
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
isomorphism [Grk ‘form, shape’]
View abstract
chapter |9 pages
isotopy [Grk ísos tópos ‘the same place’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Jukunoid Benue-Congo languages junction [Lat. iungere ‘to connect’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
juncture [Lat. iunctura ‘joint, link’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
juxtaposition [Lat. iuxta ‘close by,’ ponere ‘to place, set’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Kam Austro-Thai Kan-Hakka Chinese Kanji Japanese Kannada Dravidian, Marathi
Kabard North-West Caucasian Kadugli Niger-Kordofanian Kakchiquel Mayan languages Kalenjin Chari-Nile languages Austro-Thai
chapter |1 pages
Kanuri Saharan Karelian Finno-Ugric Kartvelian South Caucasian Kashmiri Dardic Kashubian (also Cassubian)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
Katakana Japanese Katharévusa Greek Kekchi Mayan languages keneme [Grk kenós ‘empty’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
kinship term
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
Kinyarwanda Bantu Kiowa Uto-Aztecan Klamath Penutian knowledge representation
View abstract
chapter L|2 pages
vs L
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
LAD language acquisition device Ladinian Rhaeto-Romance Lakhota Siouan Lako-Dargwa North-East Caucasian lambda operator operator laminal [Lat. lamina ‘a thin sheet’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
lamino-alveolar articulation lamino-dental interdental lamino-palatal
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Landsmål Norwegian langage [Fr. ‘language’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
language acquisition
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
language and brain
View abstract
chapter |10 pages
language center language area language change
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
language manipulation
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
language mixing mixed language language obsolescence language death language of gestures body language, sign language language pedagogy [Grk paidagogia ‘instruction, training,’] (also language teaching)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
language processing
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chapter |1 pages
language synthesis [Grk sýnthesis ‘putting together, combination’]
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
language teaching language pedagogy language test
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
language typology [Grk typós ‘model, pattern’]
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chapter |1 pages
langue d’oc French langue d’oïl French langue vs parole
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
Laotian Cam-Thai Lapp
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
Larzac Celtic lateral [Lat. lateralis ‘of/on the side of a body’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
law of three syllables law of three morae lax tense vs lax Laz South Caucasian lect [Grk léktos ‘chosen, picked out; word, expression’]
View abstract
chapter |2 pages
level I affix lexical phonology level II affix lexical phonology leveling analogy levels of adequacy
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
lexical decomposition
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
lexical insertion (rule) (also lexicon rule)
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
lexical phonology
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
lexicon rule lexical insertion (rule) lexicostatistics
View abstract
chapter |1 pages
Lezgian North-East Caucasian LFG Lexical-Functional Grammar liaison [Fr. ‘connection’]
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
linearity
View abstract
chapter |6 pages
linguistic determinism
View abstract
chapter |4 pages
linking vowel (also connecting vowel)
View abstract
chapter |3 pages
litotes [Grk lītótēs ‘plainness, simplicity’]
View abstract
chapter |5 pages
locution [Lat. locutio ‘the act of speaking, speech’]
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chapter |1 pages
Logudorese Sardinian London school Firthian linguistics long consonant geminate long-term memory memory long vs short
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chapter |2 pages
lowering breaking LP rule ID/LP format LTM (long-term memory) memory Luba Bantu LUG Lexical Unification Grammar Luo Chari-Nile languages Luvian Anatolian Lycian Anatolian Lydian Anatolian
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chapter |3 pages
machine-aided translation (also automatic translation, computer translation, machine translation)
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chapter |2 pages
Macro-Siouan Siouan macro speech act text function macrostructure
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chapter |1 pages
Maipuran Arawakan (major) constituent
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malapropism [Fr. mal à propos ‘not to the purpose, inappropriate’]
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Maltese Arabic, European languages Mam Mayan languages Manchu Tungusic Mandarin Chinese Mande
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chapter |5 pages
Manichean Iranian manner of action Aktionsart, aspect manner of articulation
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masculine gender mass communication
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