ABSTRACT

This study grew out of a series of lectures Jespersen gave at Columbia University in 1909-10, called "An Introduction to English Grammar." It is the connected presentation of Jespersen's views of the general principles of grammar based on years of studying various languages through both direct observation of living speech and written and printed documents. "[The Philosophy of Grammar and Analytic Syntax] set forth the most extensive and original theory of universal grammar prior to the work of Chomsky and other generative grammarians of the last thirty years."--Arne Juul and Hans F. Nielsen, in Otto Jespersen: Facets of His Life and Work "Besides being one of the most perceptive observers and original thinkers that the field of linguistics has ever known, Jespersen was also one of its most entertaining writers, and reading The Philosophy of Grammar is fun. Read it, enjoy it."--James D. McCawley, from the Introduction Otto Jespersen (1860-1943), an authority on the growth and structure of language, was the Chair of the English Department at the University of Copenhagen. Among his many works are A Modern English Grammar and Analytic Syntax.

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it by

it will be well at once to

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it exactly"; "how do you

it is possible to stress any of the

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it was formed, were living elements of the English language.

it was an analogical formation on the type of the numerous type" is the same thing as the principle of what are generally are" forLlulas." In the theory of word-formation it is customary to distinguish it is possible to form new words

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LIVING GRAMMAR

It say"

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it time of holiday, and she not betraying

Folio-

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SYSTEMATIC GRAMMAR

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mSTORICAL LINGUISTICS 81

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"in "he in," "he

at a place

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USUAL DIVISION OF GRAMMAR

if system it can be called, is a survival it still enjoys. Many gram-

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Systematic Grammar (continued)

(= more men than one), cases of attraction,

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if this mood is known

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hand" plural of substantive,"

In English these indications contained com- if we take Latin, we shall find that

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PARTS OF SPEECH

it is so manifestly made to fit Latin (and Greek) only and

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THE BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION 61

"he walked round the house." While simi-

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PROPER NAMES 67

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PARTS OF SPEECH

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SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES

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and" quality"

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at a complete definition of the

their" general" signification is not of the

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Parts of Speech (concluded\

you" stands instead of "Otto "1." We may also say" I, Otto Jespersen, hereby declare that"

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PRONOUNS 85

lady" is the same as " a lady who is nice and young," but it is impossible with "no ladies," "what "that "the "the man about whom

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PARTS OF SPEECH

it is improper in cases like G. er, Fr. elle it may be justly said that only it will be difficult to find a better name to sub-

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If

l' The

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at half-past one," which is simply "he walked

if this is rare it must be remem-

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PARTS OF SPEECH

that"

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In his first boob

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THE THREE RANKS

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IFr. ce fripon de valet I I

In" I

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VERBS, ADVERBS 101

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THE THREE RANKS

at all whether we reckon these and other doubtful

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WORn GROUPS

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JUNCTION AND NEXUS

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and' one of John's hats.' In German a preposed genitive

it should not be used with 'my best friend,' where the pronoun has

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but"

"-when we go on we use the definite "The tailor was known in the" generic" use of the It just

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VARIOUS KINDS OF NEXUS

Finite Verb. "she is afraid when

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"two direct

at all the same as that between like" it came to be apprehended as " It I

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NEXUS-SUBSTANTIVES. FINAL WORDS ON NEXUS

" Abstracts."

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that"

it is not the name of a thing really subsisting by itself

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it really is in itself, or as a distinct subject of discourse,

"the only satis- it stands for a thing, but

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it is nevertheless a real one, else

be' with the substantive ending -0: blind-es-o' the being blind,' 'being' is smuggled into the word, exactly new'; but Couturat rightly perceived the cardinal truth

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it is only

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SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

if in answer to the question "Who said that ¥ " we it is un-

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'topic' (' subject-

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it as the indefinite is from the definite article;

"Let there be light" and "on account of there being no

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SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

'have' ; see Gabelentz, Ohin. Gramm. 144. Finck (KZ

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OBJECT. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

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OBJECT. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

as: kill the calf, kill time, the picture

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SUBJECT AND OBJECT

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it should be noted that in " they

it is the direct object which is treated in this way, and many

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say'

= B; =

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Iearth; the earth moves round

It is rarer to find verbs with passive forms that may be used

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It that

the" subjective" genitive, though

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'do you

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CASE

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him" in the accusative, because it is the only object, or is

it is possible to answer them because

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GENITIVE

idea' some (indefinite) quantity it were comes athwart the ordinary case-system, it comes to be used in the same functions for which many

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In Danish for couple of

'hear' 'be

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NUMBER

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NUMBER

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HIGHER UNITS

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NUMBER

and" also" Nobody prevents you, do they 1 " where

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NUMBER it is a thing· word and has

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Number (concluded)

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NUMBER

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'the old man and the old woman,'

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THE VERBAL IDEA 211

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PERSON

"you must go" it is undoubtedly "you" that

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PERSON

like" I have no money about me, he has no money

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REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS 228

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REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS 225

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SEX AND GENDER

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ARYAN GENDER

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aunt' zio e la zia), (il fratello e la sorella), i

it 1 " one does

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SEX AND GENDER

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SEX AND GENDER

in; other 'the house, the wall.'

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ANIMATE AND INANIMATE

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SEX AND GENDER

if used of a human being, often also 'the ice, earth, ship, house,'

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SEX AND GENDER

"the

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Oomparison

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SECONDARIES AND TERTIARIES 253

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TIME AND TENSE

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it is very

it is much better "times" in one straight line. Before-past "past in past," and in the same way after-past

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+ 'that'

In English the meaning of obligation is

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In French il viendra in both clauses, but

iI, we see the same difference as in English: "Nous il ne nous trouvera pas it may be that the it will turn out later that he is now

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In conditional clauses we see the same shiftings.

"if enough" to it uncertain whether he wiII get it or no.

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"modest" use of could for can.

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Time and Tense (concluded)

it is a variety of the it: "Now "He mad" means that he is mad now, while "he became

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THE PERFECT 271

ask" Were you in Berlin 1 " his natural inclina- "Har De vreret i Berlin " "jeg har set ham "igar jeg ham"

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'he reigned

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the" Past"

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TIME-RELATIONS IN NOUNS

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'be lame'

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

'say'

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KINDS

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if a clear sub-

1-Han spurgte, hvem hun var 1)-ll etait

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Olassification of Utterances

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SENTENCE 807

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eIn all such cases the fact that some-

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MOODS

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it may not be superfluous to review what

it is the indicative; if we should say it is the subjunctive, if I say" Twice four is seven" that"

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NEGATION

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SPECIAL AND NEXAL NEGATION 331

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DOUBLE OR CUMULATIVE NEGATION 333

it requires greater mental energy to content oneself

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HISTORY OF NEGATIVES 835

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Oonclusion

In the Gothonic languages there is no distinction of gender in the"

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it means

verb' (As a matter of fact,

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it does not mention this

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at an end. A good deal of this volume has neces-

felt- at that time people still said