ABSTRACT
Other risk factors for the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus include achalasia, caustic injury, human papillomavirus, head and neck tumors, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, sprue, tylosis, and prior radiation (9). The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma is approximately 5% in patients with achalasia, lye ingestion, and head and neck neoplasms (1,9). Tylosis is a rare, hereditary, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, with a risk of developing esophageal cancer approaching 95% by age 65 (1,9). Some 7.4% of patients with previous head and neck tumors will have esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (1,9). Most (63.6%) invasive tumors develop metachronously (9).
