ABSTRACT
In Japan, Cut and cover method has been widely used for shallow tunnel projects in unconsolidated ground. On the other hand, the recent development of various construction techniques has made it possible to construct shallow tunnels in unconsolidated ground by the shotcrete tunneling method (so-called NATM). In this case, it is necessary to construct measurements for the face stability and ease of the influence of tunneling on the ground surface including inventive division of heading, additional support, and ground stabilization.
