ABSTRACT
There is an ongoing and increasing requirement for the United Kingdom (UK) tunnelling industry to ensure that its workforce at all levels (operatives, engineers and management) are competent to undertake their respective duties. This requirement for competence is being driven by high expectations of government, clients, insurers, as well as tunnelling contractors and consultants themselves, in terms of the quality, safety and environmental management of the work, and the confidence of delivery to time and budget.
