ABSTRACT
According to the list of the permanent shotcrete lining (2003 ITA working group 12, shotcrete use), permanent shotcrete lining was used at 168 tunnels (total length of 610 km approx.) in 14 different countries (Table 1). The types of tunnels where permanent shotcrete lining has been applied include road, rail, subway tunnel and oil cavern. However, the way to apply the permanent shotcrete lining to those types of tunnels differs each country. For example, in Czech, the thickness of shotcrete was increased to 45 cm rather than increase of the strength, while the high strength shotcrete whose compressive strength is up to 45 MPa, was applied in Austria.
