ABSTRACT
Electric power systems are some of the largest human-made systems ever built. As with many physical systems, engineers, scientists, economists, and many others strive to understand and predict their complex behavior through mathematical models. e sheer size of the bulk power transmission system forced early power engineers to be among the šrst to develop computational approaches to solving the equations that describe them. Today’s power system planners and operators rely very heavily on the computational tools to assist them in maintaining a reliable and secure operating environment.
