ABSTRACT
In general, dyes may be defined as those substances that, when
applied to a substrate, impart color to the applied substrate through
a process by which they adhere to compatible surfaces by physical
adsorption that, at least temporarily, destroys any crystal structure
of the colored substance. In this phenomenon, the formation of new
covalent as well as weak bonding occurs by interaction between
substrate and dye molecules. However, textile and other dye-related
industries consistently produce wastewaters of very complex
contents, which pose a serious hazard to the environment. Toxic
effluents containing discharge from such industries have several
adverse effects on water resources, aquatic life, and soil fertility.
