ABSTRACT

This chapter moves into a “systems” orientation, dealing with topics such as man-made systems, natural systems, the systems approach, and systems thinking. The former cites 12distinct elements and the latter is defined by Peter Senge as the “fifth discipline.” A system test is set forth by two authors, and Rechtin’s heuristics are emphasized. Further contributions from Meadows and Forrester are explored. The relationship between systems thinking and complexity is cited, as is soft systems thinking. The important subject of system architecting is explored in detail, and the chapter concludes with several suggestions for the systems engineer.