ABSTRACT
The down pull due to unused force vectors at the air-liquid interfaces (ALI) of the liquids is the fundamental source of surface tension. The survismeter method exactly takes into account these expressions of the ALI, contrary to other methods, which basically involve normalization first and then measurements. In du Nouy Ring device, a platinum ring is slowly lifted from the surface of a liquid. The most cutting edge of the survismeter invention is that the controlled pressure unit of the survismeter has autonormalized geometry, which further facilitates an expression of surface forces at the ALI. The Wilhelmy plate is a thin plate and measures the equilibrium surface or the interfacial tension at an ALI or a liquid-liquid interface. The plate is oriented perpendicular to an interface, and the force exerted on its surfaces is measured. The plate is made from Pt with rough surfaces for ensuring complete wetting.
