ABSTRACT
Primitive societies are usually extremely limited in their range of available representations; though if the large number of primitive cultures found in a geographical area are added together the sum greatly increases their collective scope. For the more primitive a culture the more it relies on an unmediated immediacy of relations; the more developed a culture the more it depends on symbolically mediated relations. Elementary signals are exchanged between communicating individuals or groups for purposes of mutual orientation. Signalling is thus at a higher stage of development than responding to basic clues or grasping simple symptoms. Linguistics is concerned with languages in the usual sense; namely, they are complex systems of signs that are complete, that is, consisting of both syntactic and semantic forms, adequate for all speech and communication with respect of all that needs to be referred to in a given society.
