ABSTRACT
This part conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters. The part presents the elaboration of a key new concept—the urban multi-class populist alliance. It shows that when a wide range of dominated and intermediate classes has grievances and external circumstances are favorable, those explosive anti-state, anti-foreign social movements can emerge and make initial gains. The state ultimately emerged in the period from 1800 to 1925 as a key factor in the Iranian social formation. This is seen in the comparison between the weakness of the Qajars, caused by the world-system's pressures and internal challenges, and the eventual stability of Reza Khan's new state, which found its source of strength after 1921 in a new component in the Iranian state, an efficiently-administered army. The difference is that in the Qajar period political, economic, and ideological crisis owed its roots to dependency.
